“…To achieve this objective, it is essential to develop a robust model that will integrate technical, policy, economic, environmental and social aspects that can accommodate uncertainties or fluctuations in input parameters. The aim of this study is to address the gap identified in studies compared in Table I (Adaramola et al, 2012;Ahmed et al, 2015;Akinbulire et al, 2014;Al-Sharafi et al, 2017;Askari and Ameri, 2012;Babatunde et al, 2017;Bhakta et al, 2015;Celik, 2007;Charrouf et al, 2018;Chong et al, 2011;Lal and Raturi, 2012;Nagaraj et al, 2016;Nakata et al, 2005;Opoku et al, 2018;Rehman and Al-Hadhrami, 2010). As a contribution to the study on the technoeconomic evaluation of th HRES, this study considers the effects of annual real interest rates on investment costs, operations costs, size of the optimal HRES configuration, total net present cost (TNPC), cost of energy (COE) and the energy mix.…”