Techniques Utilized in the Evaluation of Psychotropic Drugs on Animal Activity

Kinnard, William J.; Watzman, Nathan

doi:10.1002/jps.2600551002

Cited by 65 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Motor activity measures we.re expressed as rates per min, square-root transformed [9] and analyzed by ANOVA. After significant overall effects were observed, differences between individual groups were tested for significance using Fisher's LSD Test [10].…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl given to mice prenatally produces long-term decreases in striatal dopamine and receptor binding sites in the caudate nucleus

1981

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Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl given to mice prenatally produces long-term decreases in striatal dopamine and receptor binding sites in the caudate nucleus

1981

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“…The sheep used in our earlier study (Hughes et al, 1977) (Kinnard & Watzman, 1966) only the lowest level of the effective anti-aggressive range of Azp was used (Symeons, 1970) to ensure some sort of active spatial distribution of animals in what was essentially a passive social test environment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Azaperone and Acetylpromazine on Social and Environmental Behaviour in Sheep

Madsen

Syme

1980

British J Pharmacology

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1 Acetylpromazine (Acp, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) and azaperone (Azp, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg) were given by intramuscular injection to separate groups of seven familiar Romney ewes. Thirty minutes after injection the sheep were led into a featureless arena and spatial distribution, activity and shade preference were monitored for 20 min by overhead photography. 2 Behavioural response was complex with both stimulant and depressant effects being seen. The response trends with increasing time for all three measures were significantly different for the two drugs. In particular, Azp tended to increase animal dispersion and Acp to decrease it, in agreement with earlier predictions. 3 The dosage range for Azp was adequate for reduction of individual movement and inter-animal distance but steady state effect was not reached in the time period studied. All doses of Azp initially caused disorientation, as measured by shade preference, but this improved as sedation deepened. 4 The highest dose of Acp (0.5 mg/kg) achieved steady state effect on individual movement within the study period. The three doses of Acp caused either no change or a slight increase in inter-animal distance. Disorientation with Acp was less and briefer than that seen with Azp.

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“…We have used a factorial design in our experiments and the data have been analysed using the analysis of variance (Kinnard & Watzman, 1966).…”

Section: Harrogatementioning

confidence: 99%

Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society

1969

British J Pharmacology

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(HC3) is a derivative of diphenyl (Long & Schueler, 1954;Schueler, 1955), with high but somewhat variable toxicity. Death in small animals follows respiratory paralysis of delayed onset; this is usually explained as being the result of the inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis. There is evidence that HC3 can affect choline metabolism in other ways and has some actions which occur immediately after its administration (Gardiner, 1961;Domer & Gardiner, 1968). It is uncertain whether these other actions are involved in the lethal intoxication, so we are studying analogues of HC3 in which the balance between the various actions might be different. This communication reports some experiments with the p-terphenyl analogue (TPHC3) of HC3.The LD50 following intraperitoneal injection into mice was 95 ,ug/kg for HC3 and 80 ,ug/kg for TPHC3. These values were determined simultaneously with groups of mice from common stock; on other occasions the values varied between 150 and 50 ,tg/kg for either substance.Both HC3 (10-4M) and TPHC3 (10-4M) strongly inhibited the synthesis of acetylcholine by guinea-pig brain mince and with either the inhibition was less if choline (10-'M) was present.Inhibitory effects were produced by both substances on the responses of isolated tissues involving acetylcholine. The toad isolated rectus abdominis and the guineapig isolated ileum were immediately and reversibly depressed by concentrations greater than 106M; the spontaneous activity of rabbit jejunum was more resistant, being affected when the concentration of HC3 or TPHC3 was raised to 104M.Either substance (0.5 mg/kg intravenously) in chicks produced an immediate curare-like paralysis of the legs and wings which was antagonized by choline (80-100 mg/kg). In the rat the effects on neuromuscular transmission were studied by recording the contractions of both gastrocnemius muscles in response to the stimulation of the sciatic nerves. The nerves were regularly stimulated every 5-10 sec for 0.2

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Techniques Utilized in the Evaluation of Psychotropic Drugs on Animal Activity

Cited by 65 publications

References 75 publications

3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl given to mice prenatally produces long-term decreases in striatal dopamine and receptor binding sites in the caudate nucleus

3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl given to mice prenatally produces long-term decreases in striatal dopamine and receptor binding sites in the caudate nucleus

Effects of Azaperone and Acetylpromazine on Social and Environmental Behaviour in Sheep

Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society

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