Techniques used in the measurement of body composition: an overview with emphasis on bioelectrical impedance analysis

Heymsfield, Steven B.; Wang, Z; Visser, Marjolein; Gallagher, Dympna; Pierson, Richard N.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/64.3.478s

Cited by 114 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Fat is anhydrous and thus all body¯uids, including the water present in adipose tissue, reside in the fat-free mass component. 22 Impedance (Z) is the frequency-dependent opposition of a conductor to the¯ow of an administered alternating current. This opposition has two components or vectors, termed resistance (R) and reactance (Xc), which are linked mathematically as: 23…”

Section: General Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of bio-impedance spectroscopy: Effects of degree of obesity and ways of calculating volumes from measured resistance values

Cox-Reijven¹,

Soeters

2000

Int J Obes

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BACKGROUND: Bioelectrical-impedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a very attractive method for body composition measurements in a clinical setting. However, validation studies often yield different results. This can partly be explained by the different approaches used to transform measured resistance values into body compartments. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the linear regression (LR) method with the Hanai Mixture theory (HM). Secondly, the effect of degree of overweight on the accuracy of BIS was analysed. DESIGN: In 90 people (10 M, 80 F; body mass index (BMI) 23 ± 62 kgam 2 ) total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were measured by deuterium and NaBr dilution methods, respectively, and by BIS. Resistance values of ECW (R ECW ) and TBW (R TBW ) were used for volume calculations. Data of half the group were used for LR based on L 2 aR (L length, R resistance) to predict TBW and ECW and to calculate the constants used in the HM (k ECW ), k p ). Prediction equations and constants were cross-validated in Group 2. RESULTS: Bland and Altman analysis showed that the LR method underestimated TBW by 1.1 l (P`0.005) and ECW by 1.1 l (P`0.005). The HM approach underestimated ECW by 0.8 l (P`0.005). The correlations with the dilution methods and the SEEs for TBW and ECW were comparable for the two approaches. The prediction error of BIS for TBW and ECW correlated with BMI. The constant k ECW , and the speci®c resistivities of the ECW and intracellular water (ICW) p ECW and p ICW were also correlated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The mixture approach is slightly more accurate than linear regression, but not sensitive enough for clinical use. The constants used in the HM model are not constants in a population with a wide variation in degree of overweight. The physical causes of the correlation between BMI and constants used in the model should be studied further in order to optimize the mixture model.

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Section: General Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of bio-impedance spectroscopy: Effects of degree of obesity and ways of calculating volumes from measured resistance values

Cox-Reijven¹,

Soeters

2000

Int J Obes

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“…Height was measured within 0.10 cm using a wall-mounted stadiometer. Body fat was measured through the use of a TANITA bio-impedance analyzer (TBF 305;Heymsfield et al, 1996) and waist circumference was taken with a non-distensible tape measure according to published guidelines (Lohman et al, 1988). Blood pressure was measured after at least 5 min rest using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer and appropriately sized cuffs according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association (Frolich et al, 1988).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial

et al. 2003

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Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of a low calorie soy-based meal replacement program for the treatment of obesity. Design: A 12-week prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Outpatient weight control research unit. Subjects: One hundred obese (28 < BMI 41 kg=m 2 ) volunteers between the ages of 35 and 65 y. Seventy-four participants completed the trial. Intervention: Participants were randomized to either the meal replacement treatment group (n ¼ 50; 240 g=day, 1200 kcal= day) or control group (n ¼ 50). Both groups at baseline received a single dietary counseling session and a pamphlet describing weight loss practices. Main outcome measures: Weight, body fat, serum lipid concentrations. Results: By intent-to-treat analysis, the treatment group lost significantly more weight than the control group (7.00 vs 2.90 kg; P < 0.001) and had a greater change in total (22.5 vs 6.8 mg=dl; P ¼ 0.013) and LDL cholesterol (21.2 vs 7.1 mg=dl; P < 0.009). Among completers only, the treatment group again lost more weight (7.1 kg; n ¼ 37 vs 2.9 kg; n ¼ 37; P ¼ 0.0001) and had a greater reduction in total cholesterol (26.1 mg=dl; n ¼ 37 vs 6.7 mg=dl; P ¼ 0.0012) and a greater change in LDL cholesterol (21.6 vs 5.5 mg=dl; P ¼ 0.0025). (For any given degree of weight loss, the reduction in LDL cholesterol was significantly greater in the treatment group.) Treatment was well tolerated and no serious side effects were detected. Conclusions: Use of this soy-based meal replacement formula was effective in lowering body weight, fat mass and in reducing LDL cholesterol beyond what could be expected given the weight lost.

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“…They claimed that a body composition analysis based on bioelectrical impedance (BIA) was more sensitive than BMI to identify patients who were FFM depleted (Kyle et al, 2001). Methods for the determination of total body water (TBW) and assessment of fluid compartments as used in research are dominated by dilution techniques (Van Marken Lichtenbelt et al, 1994;Deurenberg et al, 1995;Heymsfield et al, 1996;Gudivaka et al, 1999). These techniques are cumbersome, require time for equilibration and involve extended laboratory facilities and calculations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition in patients with short bowel syndrome: An assessment by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and dual–energy absorptiometry (DXA)

2004

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Objective: To describe body composition in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) by using bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements and anthropometrical-derived estimates. Subjects: In all, 19 patients were included, mean age 54 y, range 36-77 (F/M¼11/8). Mean BMI was 21.5 kg/m 2 . Eight patients were on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Methods: Total body water (TBW), intracellular water and extracellular water were assessed by BIS. TBW were derived from DXA. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed by BIS and DXA. TBW and FFM were predicted according to an empirical formula. Differences were analysed using the Bland-Altman method. Results: The mean difference between TBW (DXA) and TBW (BIS) was À1.1 l in women and À1.8 l in men. For FFM, the mean difference between FFM (DXA) and FFM (BIS) was À1.7 kg in women and À2.5 kg in men. The mean difference between TBW (DXA) and TBW (BIS) for all patients was -1.2 l and limits of agreement were (-7.80À5.40). Hydration of FFM assessed by BIS gave a mean of 0.75 (0.08). Conclusion: The limits of agreement (Bland-Altman) between DXA and BIS were wide, indicating that methods are not interchangeable, which limits its clinical utility. Most of our patients with SBS were maintained in a stable clinical condition within normal limits of body weight and BMI. FFM and TBW did not appear to be altered in ileostomates or those on HPN.

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Techniques used in the measurement of body composition: an overview with emphasis on bioelectrical impedance analysis

Cited by 114 publications

References 9 publications

Validation of bio-impedance spectroscopy: Effects of degree of obesity and ways of calculating volumes from measured resistance values

Validation of bio-impedance spectroscopy: Effects of degree of obesity and ways of calculating volumes from measured resistance values

A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Body composition in patients with short bowel syndrome: An assessment by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and dual–energy absorptiometry (DXA)

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