Techniques to Promote Garry Oak Seedling Growth and Survival in Areas with High Levels of Herbivory and Competition

Abstract

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influence of Tree shelters and Weed Mats on Growth and Survival of Backcrossed Chestnut Seedlings on Legacy Minelands in Eastern Kentucky

“…In most cases, shelter effects on survival and growth are thought to be driven by reduction of browse and other herbivory. For example, ungulate browsing pressure was a major factor influencing Garry oak survival in the study by Clements et al (2011) in the Pacific Northwest.…”

“…The use of tree shelters to improve temperature and moisture conditions around the tree and to provide protection from browsing has been fairly well documented. Tree shelters have been found to improve tree growth and/or survival in northern red oak (Stange and Shea, 1998), Garry oak (Clements et al, 2011), blue oak (McCreary et al, 2011, and Englemann spruce (Jacobs 2012).…”

The influence of white-tailed deer on plant communities in West Virginia and stakeholder attitudes toward deer management with respect to plant conservation

“…However, protecting wetland communities seasonally should not be considered a time or cost effective measure to increase the frequency of wetland species. On a small scale, these exclosures were not difficult to move periodically; however, there is likely no incentive to employ seasonal exclosures in place of continuous protection (Merrill et al 2003;Clements et al 2011;. Seasonal protection may be more effective on individual plants representing threatened or endangered species where yearlong protection may not be appropriate.…”

“…While the majority of studies on this topic cite negative impacts to woody and forb species , several recognize an increase in graminoid species (Merrill et al 2003;Thiemann et al 2009; Randall and Walters 2011), less palatable woody species (Koda and Fujita 2011), and exotic species increase in non-preferred browse species in the sapling layer (Holmes et al 2008). The loss of preferred browse species has included mast producing species that provide important seasonal food sources for white-tailed deer throughout much of their range (Clements et al 2011). Thus altering the existing sapling community composition has repercussions far into the future.…”

“…As the primary winter food source, populations of woody plant species may be significantly reduced through winter browse pressure. Browsing during the early spring appropriates nutrients and energy seedlings and saplings would have allocated to leaf, shoot, or root production (Stewart et al 2008;Clements et al 2011). Repeated browsing can prevent individuals from growing out of the range of white-tailed deer browse.…”