Techniques for the diagnosis and measurement of intergroup attitudes and behavior.

Deri, S; Dinnerstein, Dorothy

doi:10.1037/h0054269

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Approaches based on the Thematic Apperception Test. Though by no means the first, the indirect test most widely cited in previous surveys of the literature (18,42,54,82) is that of Proshansky (65). He intermingled ambiguous pictures of labor situations with the more usual T.A.T.…”

Section: Is Disguised-non-structured Tests Of Social Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The indirect assessment of social attitudes.

Campbell¹

1950

Psychological Bulletin

200

115

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In the problem of assessing social attitudes, there is a very real need for instruments which do not destroy the natural form of the attitude in the process of describing it. There are also situations in which one would like to assess "prejudice" without making respondents selfconscious or aware of the intent of the study. At the present time there are few if any indirect tests which could confidently be used for either of these purposes. There are, none the less, a considerable number of techniques that have been partially explored and validated. It is the purpose of this paper to survey such techniques and to present a point of view with regard to the problem of indirect measurement.Current interest on the part of social psychologists in the indirect assessment of attitudes is perhaps primarily an aspect of the larger projective test movement in personality study. However, as will be seen in the course of this survey, there has been an interest in this approach from the very first efforts in attitude measurement (81), anticipating by some ten years the current interest in "projective techniques."The terms "indirect" and "projective" have been used to refer to both disguised, and to non-structured measurement efforts. Using these two terms alone, one could distinguish four types of tests:1. Non-disguised-sifuctufed: the classic direct attitude tests of Thurstone (78), Likert (49), et al.2. Non-disguised-non-structured: the free-response interview and questionnaire approaches, the biographical and essay studies.3. Disguised-non-structured: the typical "projective" techniques. 4. Disguised-structured: tests which approximate the objective testing of attitudes.

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Section: Is Disguised-non-structured Tests Of Social Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The indirect assessment of social attitudes.

Campbell¹

1950

Psychological Bulletin

200

115

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“…For this reason I shall confine our discussion to the use of projective techniques in action research. For a fairly comprehensive survey of methods designed for or appropriate to the investigation of complex social problems in the community setting, the reader is referred to a recent article by Deri, Dinnerstein, Harding, and Pepitone [4].…”

Section: "Protectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Projective Techniques in Action Research: Disguised Diagnosis and Measurement.

Proshansky¹

Projective Psychology: Clinical Approaches to the Total Personality.

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UNDER the sponsorship of the Commission on Community Interrelationships, and guided by the genius of the late Kurt Lewin, the field of action research has come into its own in recent years. As a unique approach to the study of social psychological problems, action research is concerned constantly with the role of personality in the study of problems of group tension, morale, conflict, and prejudice. As Harold Proshansky's chapter ably indicates, projective methods have found significant application in this new area.The results obtained from using the techniques have amply justified the faith of social psychologists who turned to them as methods for enriching their inquiries and for providing data which often could not otherwise be obtained. There is every reason to believe that in the period ahead the projective hypothesis will find further expression in inspiring and guiding the design of crucial studies in this new sector of social psychology. Proshansky has pointed the way for the accomplishment of important experimental studies that utilize proj ective methods.

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“…In a comprehensive survey of the various methods used to diagnose and measure intergroup attitudes and behavior, Deri, et al, (21) differentiated the following techniques on the basis of the type of data initially obtained: Systematic observation -a direct approach to the problem, but one that is likely to involve the recording of large masses of data that are irrelevant to social attitudes or not amenable to reasonable interpretations.…”

Section: The Measurement Of Social Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of social attitudes and personal values.

Thompson¹

Child Psychology: Growth Trends in Psychological Adjustment (2nd Ed.).

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Attitudes and values are mediational states within the individual that predispose him toward certain courses of action and toward certain beliefs and evaluations.* These predispositions are highly generalized and thereby serve as economical guides to behavior when the individual is confronted with alternative modes of response, the selection of conflicting goals, or the choice of different instrumental actions for arriving at a given goal. Social attitudes and personal values permit the individual a high degree of consistency in his behavior. They favor human economy by promoting easier decisions that have a high probability of being consistent with previous ones. This economy is of course antithetical to reflection on special features of the individual case. Prejudice and inflexibility are therefore natural concomitants of the same mediational processes that sustain the socially desirable attitudes and the enduring human values. Some attitudes and values we would like to transmit to our children, others that mirror our own prejudices and biases we would like to spare them. The Development of Social AttitudesAn attitude is a theoretical concept that "denotes a functional state of readiness which determines the organism to react in a characteristic way to certain stimuli or stimulus situations" (104). Social attitudes are response tendencies toward other people or identifiable groups of people. "1 can't stand to sit near a Negro," "I wouldn't want to associate with a Catholic," "I don't like Protestants or Jews," "I get the 'creeps' whenever I'm near ' Although psychological theorists are generally agreed that the majority of man' s social attitudes and personal values are learned during the acculturation process, they have applied a variety of labels to the supporting mediational states, e.g., habits, beliefvalue matrices, perceptual organizations. 514 * See Meier (81) for an extensive treatment of the functions of art in human experience.

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Techniques for the diagnosis and measurement of intergroup attitudes and behavior.

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

The indirect assessment of social attitudes.

The indirect assessment of social attitudes.

Projective Techniques in Action Research: Disguised Diagnosis and Measurement.

The development of social attitudes and personal values.

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