Techniques for Managing Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases Under Changing Climate; A review

Abstract

Tick infestation is the main issue for animal health that causes substantial economic losses in the form of mortality and morbidity, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries of the world including Pakistan. The rural economy of Pakistan depends upon on livestock industry which faces the problems of some zoonotic diseases spread by tick infestation. Tick infestation caused Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Lyme disease, theileriosis and babesiosis in wild and domestic animals including humans. Climate change is highly associated with the distribution of ticks and ticks bornediseases (TBDs). Due to global warming, the temperature of the globe is rising which directly and indirectly affects vector-borne diseases like TBDs. To minimize the ticks and TBDs various approaches have been used in different regions of the world including Pakistan. The need for a review paper is to investigate the impact of climate change on ticks and TBDs in livestock as well as public health in Pakistan. To evaluate the effectiveness, environmentally safe, economically feasible and acceptable tick management approaches, literature was reviewed.

Knowledge, attitude and practices study of acaricide usage and tick control in South Omo Zone pastoral areas, South-Western Ethiopia

“…This suggests that control measures to prevent tick infestations in domestic ruminant groups have not been successful. Similar to this, researchers have looked into a number of factors that are directly contributing to the global rise in tick infestation, including climatic change [ 27 , 28 , 29 ] and other ecological changes like habitat connectivity [ 30 ] and changes in human land management [ 31 ]. Additionally, scholars hypothesized that an increase in tick infestation on domestic animals may be caused by the destruction of wildlife habitat brought on by forest fragmentation, which increased interactions between wild animals roaming in urban and semi-urban areas and domesticated animals, leading to an increase in tick species picking [ 30 ].…”

Identification of Tick Species on Domesticated Cattle Pakistan

“…The environmental factors have also affected the distribution and infestation of ticks. The maximum tick population has been recorded in the month of June and July while lowest in December (Stuti et al, 2008;Ramzan et al, 2021). The rainy and summer season is most important for tick growth and development while winter season is least (Rony et al, 2010;Irshad et al, 2010).…”

“…anatolicum, Hy. marginatum, Haemaphysalis sulcata and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Ramzan et al, 2021). These species are found on all species of domesticated and wild animals in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe.…”