Techniques and Technologies for The Bioanalysis of Sativex
            <sup>®</sup>
            , Metabolites and Related Compounds

Molnár, Anna; Fu, Shanlin

doi:10.4155/bio-2015-0021

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(245 reference statements)

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“…Actually, the log P of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester are 2.28, 1.71, and 0.14, respectively, which fully supports the distribution in hair according to the lipophilicity of drugs of abuse. Moreover, phase II metabolites of Δ 9 -THC are not detected . However, some exception might happen with polar drugs.…”

Section: The Complexity Of Hair Biological Matrixmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review

Ferreira

Paulino

Quintas

2019

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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In forensic toxicology, drugs of abuse are routinely analyzed due to legal statute in medical or legal investigation, such as death cases, poisoning cases, and drug misuse, determining potential exposure to controlled substances. Despite the widespread use of blood and urine as matrices for forensic toxicological analysis, the use of hair samples has grown as the limitations associated with this matrix are overcome and new areas of application emerge. Hair provides several advantages over urine and blood, such as the easiness of sample collection and the ability to provide a retrospective analysis of drug consumption. Drug analysis in hair is following a path where less amount of sample has been needed to detect drugs of abuse. Improvement in sample preparation methods and lowering detection limits in instrumental analysis is providing forensic scientists with the tools to use drug analysis with hair as a routine approach in the forensic laboratory. Actually, besides the chronological exposition to a drug, hair may provide information about the day a chemical was used. This should become part of the standard information sent by forensic scientists to criminal investigators and courts. The aim of this review is to summon the extraction procedures used to perform forensic toxicological analysis in hair as well as the major advances in this field once a sample preparation step is critical and takes up most of the total analysis time.

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Section: The Complexity Of Hair Biological Matrixmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Moreover, phase II metabolites of Δ 9 -THC are not detected. 44 However, some exception might happen with polar drugs. For example, GHB, a mildly polar drug, is found in hair.…”

Section: ■ the Complexity Of Hair Biological Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review

Ferreira

Paulino

Quintas

2019

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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“…Enterocytes are responsible together with Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2022;5:61-75 DOI: 10.1159/000522432 microvilli for nutrient uptake in the small intestine. Importantly, drug particles can only be absorbed when they are significantly smaller than enterocytes [124].…”

Section: Smart Lipids (Nano-carrier)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Pain and the Endocannabinoid System: Smart Lipids – A Novel Therapeutic Option?

Zieglgänsberger

Brenneisen

Berthele³

et al. 2022

Med Cannabis Cannabinoids

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The development of a high-end cannabinoid-based therapy is the result of intense translational research, aiming to convert recent discoveries in the laboratory into better treatments for patients. Novel compounds and new regimes for drug treatment are emerging. Given that previously unreported signaling mechanisms for cannabinoids have been uncovered, clinical studies detailing their high therapeutic potential are mandatory. The advent of novel genomic, optogenetic, and viral tracing and imaging techniques will help to further detail therapeutically relevant functional and structural features. An evolutionarily highly conserved group of neuromodulatory lipids, their receptors, and anabolic and catabolic enzymes are involved in a remarkable variety of physiological and pathological processes and has been termed the endocannabinoid system (ECS). A large body of data has emerged in recent years, pointing to a crucial role of this system in the regulation of the behavioral domains of acquired fear, anxiety, and stress-coping. Besides neurons, also glia cells and components of the immune system can differentially fine-tune patterns of neuronal activity. Dysregulation of ECS signaling can lead to a lowering of stress resilience and increased incidence of psychiatric disorders. Chronic pain may be understood as a disease process evoked by fear-conditioned nociceptive input and appears as the dark side of neuronal plasticity. By taking a toll on every part of your life, this abnormal persistent memory of an aversive state can be more damaging than its initial experience. All strategies for the treatment of chronic pain conditions must consider stress-related comorbid conditions since cognitive factors such as beliefs, expectations, and prior experience (memory of pain) are key modulators of the perception of pain. The anxiolytic and anti-stress effects of medical cannabinoids can substantially modulate the efficacy and tolerability of therapeutic interventions and will help to pave the way to a successful multimodal therapy. Why some individuals are more susceptible to the effects of stress remains to be uncovered. The development of personalized prevention or treatment strategies for anxiety and depression related to chronic pain must also consider gender differences. An emotional basis of chronic pain opens a new horizon of opportunities for developing treatment strategies beyond the repeated sole use of acutely acting analgesics. A phase I trial to determine the pharmacokinetics, psychotropic effects, and safety profile of a novel nanoparticle-based cannabinoid spray for oromucosal delivery highlights a remarkable innovation in galenic technology and urges clinical studies further detailing the huge therapeutic potential of medical cannabis (Lorenzl et al.; this issue).

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“…CBD is associated with a number of pharmacological effects. For example, a combination of almost equal amounts delta9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD applied as an oromucosal spray (Sativex ® or nabiximols) is used for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis as well as analgesic for cancer patients . Sativex ® was also shown to have analgesic effects during the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a combination of almost equal amounts delta9tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD applied as an oromucosal spray (Sativex ® or nabiximols) is used for the treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis as well as analgesic for cancer patients. 2 Sativex ® was also shown to have analgesic effects during the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 3 Moreover, CBD is attributed to anticonvulsant, 4 antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic effects, 5-7 a mitigation of cannabis withdrawal symptoms 8 or to beneficial effects for the treatment of diabetes, affective, and neurodegenerative disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decarbonylation: A metabolic pathway of cannabidiol in humans

Kraemer

Broecker²,

Madea

et al. 2019

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non‐psychoactive cannabinoid, which is of growing medical interest. Previous studies on the metabolism of CBD showed mainly the formation of hydroxylated or oxidized derivatives, the formation of carboxylic acids or modifications of the aliphatic side chain. Using incubation of CBD with hepatic microsomes of mice, the formation of carbon monoxide was reported. We investigated the phase I metabolism of CBD and cannabidivarin (CBDV) using in vitro experiments with human liver microsomes in order to discover so far not considered metabolites. Identification of metabolites was done by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC−QToF−MS). Within these experiments, we came across decarbonylation of CBD and CBDV. Further investigations were focused on observed decarbonylated CBD (DCBD). To confirm this metabolite in humans in vivo, plasma samples containing large amounts of cannabinoids as well as serum and urine samples, collected after a voluntary intake of a CBD‐containing food supplement, were analyzed by LC coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC−QQQ−MS). DCBD was detected in in vitro incubation mixtures, serum samples, and urine samples (after alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis) collected after the voluntary intake, as well as in plasma samples of cannabis users. DCBD appears to be an important supplementary human metabolite that might be helpful for the analytical confirmation of a CBD uptake and might improve the interpretation of the consumption of CBD‐containing products. Results of this study indicate a prolonged detectability of DCBD (in serum) in comparison to CBD after oral CBD ingestion.

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Techniques and Technologies for The Bioanalysis of Sativex ^® , Metabolites and Related Compounds

Cited by 6 publications

References 104 publications

Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review

Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review

Chronic Pain and the Endocannabinoid System: Smart Lipids – A Novel Therapeutic Option?

Decarbonylation: A metabolic pathway of cannabidiol in humans

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Techniques and Technologies for The Bioanalysis of Sativex ® , Metabolites and Related Compounds

Cited by 6 publications

References 104 publications

Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review

Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review

Chronic Pain and the Endocannabinoid System: Smart Lipids – A Novel Therapeutic Option?

Decarbonylation: A metabolic pathway of cannabidiol in humans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Techniques and Technologies for The Bioanalysis of Sativex ^® , Metabolites and Related Compounds