Technique of Permanent Cannulation of the Right Ventricle in Rats and Ground Squirrels.

Popovic, V.; Kent, Kenneth M.; Popovic, Pava

doi:10.3181/00379727-113-28437

Cited by 35 publications

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“…Since techniques of permanent cannulation of aorta, vena cava and right ventricle IRV)in rats and other small mammals were published (Popovic & Popovic 1960/ Popovic et al 1963/ Popovic & Kent 1964)/ they have been widely used in different studies to measure and calculate haemodynamic (Popovic & Kent 1964, Walsh et al 1976, Cain & Bradley 1983, Gleeson et al 1983, Hilty et al 19891/respiratory (Truog et al 1979, Cain & Bradley 1983, Pages et al 1993, Alfaro et al 1995 and metabolic data (Walsh et al 1980, Souba et al 1990, mainly on the basis of analysis of arterio-venous blood differences…”

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Blood sampled in rats from right ventricle may not always be truly representative of a mixed venous sample

et al. 1996

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SummaryBlood samples from the right ventricle (RV)in rats are usually assumed to be representative of mixed venous blood. However, results presented here suggest that this assumption may not be true in all experimental circumstances. Nineteen male Wistar rats were anaesthetized with urethane and mechanically ventilated. The six gases used in the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGETI were administered continuously and samples of mixed expired air and blood from the left carotid artery and RV were simultaneously withdrawn. While inert gas concentrations in arterial blood and mixed expired air were almost homogeneous, those obtained from RV blood showed a high variability, specially evident for the less soluble gases in blood. As inert gases are cleared in the lungs according to their solubility in blood and they are only replaced through the lower systemic circulation, higher or lower concentrations found in RV samples than those expected suggests a preferential collection of blood from the lower or upper systemic circulation, respectively. Gleeson et al. 1983, Hilty et al. 19891/respiratory (Truog et al. 1979, Cain & Bradley 1983, Pages et al. 1993, Alfaro et al. 1995 and metabolic data (Walsh et al. 1980, Souba et al. 1990, mainly on the basis of analysis of arterio-venous blood differencesCorrespondence to: Dr Vicente Alfaro, Departamento de Fisiologla, Facultad de Biologia, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08071 Barcelona, Spain, Fax: 34-3-4110358, Tel: 34-3-4021526 Accepted 27 November 1995 and application of the Fick principle to calculate metabolic rates or cardiac output (QTl. These studies are based on the assumption that analysis of blood samples withdrawn from the RV and/or right atrium (RA) are indicative of the composition of mixed venous blood, a fact that is supported by some experimental work. Thus, the study performed by Musch and Larach (1988) comparing the O 2 content from the pulmonary artery, the RV and the RA of anaesthetized rats did not show significant differences between blood samples.Data presented here were derived from the application of the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGETI on rats. The MIGET is a well-known method, published in 1974 (Wagner et al. 1974a, b), and used to provide

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Blood sampled in rats from right ventricle may not always be truly representative of a mixed venous sample

et al. 1996

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“…Figure 3 presents data taken from a representative experiment showing the increase in blood lactate over time simultaneously sampled through carotid artery, jugular and femoral cannulas during muscle contraction induced by electric stimulation. The cannulation technique described here allows us to observe differences between the peripheral Discussion Cardiovascular responses to exercise in rats using the Fick principle have been studied (Gleeson & Baldwin, 1981;Gleeson et al, 1983) by withdrawing right heart and arterial samples through permanent indwelling cannulas (Popovic et al, 1963;Popovic & Kent, 1964). In addition to these central physiological responses to exercise, it could clearly be advantageous to be able to withdraw representative blood samples from exercising muscles in order to measure muscular metabolic balance in running or electricallystimulated animals.…”

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A method for sampling representative muscular venous blood during exercise in rats

et al. 1993

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SummaryA technique for chronic cannulation of the muscular branch of the femoral vein in the rat is described. The method was validated by the application of vascular corrosion casts and comparative analysis of lactate concentration with mixed venous blood and arterial samples taken through the cannulas during lower hindlimb muscle contraction in anaesthetized rats. Keywords: Skeletal muscle; Corrosion cast; Lactate, Arterio-venous difference; Blood samplingThe comparison of arterial and venous blood samples from thigh muscles could be useful for the study of biochemical and metabolic muscle responses to exercise in rats during experiments involving the lower hindlimb, since this allows the determination of several parameters of arterio-venous differences that undergo alterations during exercise, such as oxygen consumption, gas exchange rate, pH, lactate, ammonium and others.A technique is described for obtaining representative sequential blood samples from thigh muscle areas. A cannula was inserted through the muscular branch tributary of the femoral vein. Implantation of the cannula does not block circulation and allows withdrawal of venous blood from skeletal muscles of the lower hindlimb. Moreover, simultaneous cannulation of the aorta and right heart (which has been Correspondence to: T Pages. 1992; accepted 19 October 1992 considered as representative of mixed venous blood) allows the comparison of blood composition at 3 locations in order to study the arterio-venous difference during training exercise before and after mixing of lower hindlimb muscular venous blood with cephalic and splanchnic circulatory return. Received 3 JulyTo verify the origin of blood withdrawn from the femoral vein by means of this technique, a vascular corrosion cast method was used to provide the complete arterio-venous tributary tree from the cannulated vessel. A report of changes in regional lactate blood concentration during lower hindlimb exerciseinduced by electric stimulation is also given. Material and methods AnimalsWistar adult male rats weighing 250-300 g were used. Animals were housed in propylene cages (Technoplast, Italy) at 21 ± O·5°C, 700/0humidity and 12 h L-D cycle, and fed laboratory chow (Panlab A4, Spain) and tap water ad libitum.

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“…Chronic cannulation of the jugular vein in freely moving rats and the other larger laboratory animals is an established method for studying drug pharmacokinetics and effects (Popovic et al 1963, Nicolaidis et al 1974, Yoburn et al 1984, Torres-Molina et al 1992, Suzuki et al 1997. It allows serial blood sampling with minimal disturbance of the animal without the need for anaesthesia.…”

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Cannulation of the jugular vein in mice: a method for serial withdrawal of blood samples

et al. 2003

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We have developed and validated a method that allows serial drawing of blood samples in freely moving mice using a cannula that is inserted via the jugular vein into the right atrium of the heart. The cannula was tunnelled subcutaneously to the head of the animal and attached to the skin by sutures, together with a metal spring, which was covered with PVC tubing for protection of the outer part of the cannula. Samples of blood up to 250 micro l could be taken at serial time points. The blood volume in the circulation was maintained by replacement with an equal volume of blood obtained from donor animals. The applicability of this method of blood sampling for pharmacokinetic purposes was validated by comparing plasma concentrations-time curves in six cannulated animals after receiving an intravenous bolus dose of 10 mg/kg of the anti-cancer agent docetaxel versus the results in plasma samples obtained by cardiac puncture of non-cannulated mice. The presented method may lead to improved pharmacokinetic data produced from a reduced number of mice.

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Technique of Permanent Cannulation of the Right Ventricle in Rats and Ground Squirrels.

Cited by 35 publications

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Blood sampled in rats from right ventricle may not always be truly representative of a mixed venous sample

Blood sampled in rats from right ventricle may not always be truly representative of a mixed venous sample

A method for sampling representative muscular venous blood during exercise in rats

Cannulation of the jugular vein in mice: a method for serial withdrawal of blood samples

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