Technique for the collection of clear urine from the Nile crocodile (&lt;i&gt;Crocodylus niloticus&lt;/i&gt;)

Myburgh, Jan G.; Huchzermeyer, F. W.; Soley, John Thomson; Booyse, Dirk G.; Groenewald, Hermanus B.; Bekker, L. C.; Iguchi, Taisen; Guillette, Louis J.

doi:10.4102/jsava.v83i1.8

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…This pattern of antibiotic usage is similar to that reported in Orissa, India by Sahoo et al ( 2010 ), where the beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines were the most commonly used antibiotics in dairy cattle and poultry. Similarly, a survey conducted in South Africa to determine antibiotic usage in food animals showed that tetracyclines and beta-lactams were amongst the first four leading antibiotics commonly used in the country (Eagar, Swan & Van Vuuren 2012 ). This finding is also corroborated by a report from Tanzania (Katakweba et al 2012 ), which indicated that the tetracyclines and beta-lactams/aminoglycosides were the foremost antibiotics used in livestock in the area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: The need for alternative plans

Adesokan

Akanbi²,

Akanbi

et al. 2015

Onderstepoort J Vet Res

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Resistance to antibiotics has continued to increase, placing future animal and human disease management in real danger. The developing countries characterised by widespread indiscriminate antibiotic use and in which ‘third-generation’ antibiotics are not readily available or affordable are the worst affected. A 3-year (2010–2012) retrospective survey of antibiotic usage in livestock production in three selected states of south-western Nigeria was conducted. Data obtained from eight purposively selected licensed veterinary pharmaceutical sales establishments in the area, based on keeping detailed sales records for the study period, were analysed using Stata Version 12. Results showed that tetracyclines (33.6%), fluoroquinolones (26.5%) and beta-lactams/aminoglycosides (20.4%) constituted the majority of the antibiotics used over the 3 years. The differences in the quantities of antibiotic types used within each antimicrobial class were statistically significant for tetracyclines (F = 59.87; p < 0.0001) and fluoroquinolones (F = 43.97; p < 0.0001) but not for beta-lactams/aminoglycosides (F = 3.21; p = 0.148). Furthermore, antibiotic consumption increased by 40.4% between 2010 and 2012. Although statistically insignificant (F = 0.277; p = 0.762), the increasing trend across the years was at rates of 23.5% between 2010 and 2011 and 13.8% between 2011 and 2012. In addition, the findings show a significantly higher consumption rate (t = 15.21; df = 5; p < 0.0001) during the rainy (52.5%) than the dry (47.5%) seasons. The current increasing trend in antibiotic usage holds a serious danger for the future and therefore calls for alternative plans to safeguard future livestock production, food security and human health. This becomes more imperative considering emerging resistance against tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, the foremost remedies for livestock diseases in most developing countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: The need for alternative plans

Adesokan

Akanbi²,

Akanbi

et al. 2015

Onderstepoort J Vet Res

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“…In the Nile crocodile, faeces and urine are stored in different parts of the cloaca, namely the rectum and urinary chamber, preventing a mix of defaecated urine and faecal material under normal circumstances (Myburgh et al 2012). The enclosures were inspected three times a day (in the morning, at noon, and in the afternoon), all faeces collected, immediately frozen at -20°C, and kept frozen until hormone analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical function in captive Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

Ganswindt

Myburgh

Cameron

et al. 2014

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular &

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Abstract:The occurrence of stress-inducing factors in captive crocodilians is a concern, since chronic stress can negatively affect animal health and reproduction, and hence production. Monitoring stress in wild crocodiles could also be beneficial for assessing the state of health in populations which are potentially threatened by environmental pollution. In both cases, a noninvasive approach to assess adrenocortical function as a measure of stress would be 2 preferable, as animals are not disturbed during sample collection, and therefore sampling is feedback-free due to the absence of capture and handling. So far, however, such a noninvasive method has not been established for any crocodilian species. As an initial step, we therefore examined the suitability of two enzyme-immunoassays, detecting faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) with a 11,21-diol-20-one and 5-3α-ol-11-one structure, respectively, for monitoring stress-related physiological responses in captive Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge was performed on 10 sub-adult crocodiles, resulting in an overall increase in serum corticosterone levels of 272% above the pre-injection levels 5 hours post-injection. Saline-treated control animals (n=8) showed an overall increase of 156% in serum corticosterone levels 5 hours postadministration. Faecal samples pre-and post-injection could be obtained from three of the six individually housed crocodiles, resulting in FGM concentrations 136-380% above preinjection levels, always detected in the first sample collected post-treatment (7-15 days postinjection). FGM concentrations seem comparatively stable at ambient temperatures for up to 72 hours post-defaecation. In conclusion, non-invasive hormone monitoring can be used for assessing adrenocortical function in captive Nile crocodiles based on FGM analysis.

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“…Once the distal end of the phallus reaches the level of the vaginal openings and the glans inflates, the expanded glans ridge would fill the most proximal lumen of the female proctodeum and be distally bounded by the uroproctodeal fold (Figure 13b), as proposed by Johnston et al, 2014 in Crocodylus porosus . This sphincter is sufficiently resilient and contractible for crocodylians to retain urine in the urodeum (Myburgh et al, 2012). Therefore, female uroproctodeal fold contraction could limit intromission beyond this point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genital anatomy and copulatory interactions in the broad snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris)

Moore

Kelly

Piva

et al. 2021

The Anatomical Record

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The broad snouted caiman is a crocodylian native to South America that is subject to extensive conservation management in both wild and farming environments. Although reproductive behaviors like egg laying and clutch care have been examined in this species, little else is known about their copulatory system. We examined the anatomy of male and female cloacal and genital tissues ex vivo to build hypotheses of their interactions during copulation and the effects of that interaction on insemination. Male phallic glans tissues were artificially inflated to expand into their copulatory state, allowing the examination and quantification of structural changes at the gross and tissue levels. Digital reconstruction of MRI stacks yielded three‐dimensional tissue compartment specific glans models of the inflated state. Silicone molds of female cloacae and oviducts in conjunction with dissection and diceCT analysis allowed us to assess internal geometry and infer how male and female features interact in copulo. We observed glans expansion within the female proctodeum would result in a copulatory lock limiting deeper intromission or retraction. Intromission and subsequent creation of the copulatory lock produces extensive clitoral compression, providing a possible mechanism for female assessment of male copulatory performance. Further, glans expansion forms a distal lumen that positions the glans tip in or near the vaginal openings. A coiled, muscular vagina provides a possible mechanism for postcopulatory sexual selection by excluding semen. Together, the complex male–female interaction supports evidence for cryptic selection by female choice, which can act as a driver of genital coevolution.

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Technique for the collection of clear urine from the Nile crocodile (<i>Crocodylus niloticus</i>)

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: The need for alternative plans

Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: The need for alternative plans

Non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical function in captive Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

Genital anatomy and copulatory interactions in the broad snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris)

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