Technical Note: Development of a 3D printed subresolution sandwich phantom for validation of brain SPECT analysis

Negus, Ian S.; Holmes, Robin; Jordan, Kirsty C.; Nash, D.; Thorne, Gareth C.; Saunders, Margaret

doi:10.1118/1.4960003

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…, aiming to be filled with a solution, such as radiotracer or “bone” material K 2 HPO 4 . A completely different approach was used by Negus et al who operated an FDM 3D printer to build transaxial slabs, and operated a standard Hewlett‐Packard Officejet Pro 8100 printer to print radioactive paper sheets . To do that, the radioisotope was inserted in the ink cartridge of the printer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sub‐resolution sandwich phantom with radioactive paper sheets between each slab . Figure license: Negus, et al #bib2016, Technical Note: Development of a 3D printed subresolution sandwich phantom for validation of brain SPECT analysis (Copyright by John Wiley and sons).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resolution is expressed in dots per inch (dpi) or micrometers (lm) and assessed by comparing the dimensions of the produced physical phantom with the original dimensions provided to the printer. Among the papers used, 10 have assessed the resolution or accuracy of the printer by quantitative (numerical) comparison, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] 10 by qualitative (figural) comparison, 22,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] and 14 by both quantitative and qualitative comparison. 10,21,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] Sixteen of the research articles do not include a verification of the printers' resolutions.…”

Section: A Characterization Of 3d-printed Phantom Spatial Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17,18,34,72 A completely different approach was used by Negus et al 41 who operated an FDM 3D printer to build transaxial slabs, and operated a standard Hewlett-Packard Officejet Pro 8100 printer to print radioactive paper sheets. 41 To do that, the radioisotope was inserted in the ink cartridge of the printer. The slabs and the radioactive sheets were assembled to develop a complete sub-resolution sandwich phantom, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: B6 Geometricalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound

2018

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Purpose: Printing technology, capable of producing three-dimensional (3D) objects, has evolved in recent years and provides potential for developing reproducible and sophisticated physical phantoms. 3D printing technology can help rapidly develop relatively low cost phantoms with appropriate complexities, which are useful in imaging or dosimetry measurements. The need for more realistic phantoms is emerging since imaging systems are now capable of acquiring multimodal and multiparametric data. This review addresses three main questions about the 3D printers currently in use, and their produced materials. The first question investigates whether the resolution of 3D printers is sufficient for existing imaging technologies. The second question explores if the materials of 3D-printed phantoms can produce realistic images representing various tissues and organs as taken by different imaging modalities such as computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), and mammography. The emergence of multimodal imaging increases the need for phantoms that can be scanned using different imaging modalities. The third question probes the feasibility and easiness of "printing" radioactive or nonradioactive solutions during the printing process. Methods: A systematic review of medical imaging studies published after January 2013 is performed using strict inclusion criteria. The databases used were Scopus and Web of Knowledge with specific search terms. In total, 139 papers were identified; however, only 50 were classified as relevant for this paper. In this review, following an appropriate introduction and literature research strategy, all 50 articles are presented in detail. A summary of tables and example figures of the most recent advances in 3D printing for the purposes of phantoms across different imaging modalities are provided. Results: All 50 studies printed and scanned phantoms in either CT, PET, SPECT, mammography, MRI, and US-or a combination of those modalities. According to the literature, different parameters were evaluated depending on the imaging modality used. Almost all papers evaluated more than two parameters, with the most common being Hounsfield units, density, attenuation and speed of sound. Conclusions: The development of this field is rapidly evolving and becoming more refined. There is potential to reach the ultimate goal of using 3D phantoms to get feedback on imaging scanners and reconstruction algorithms more regularly. Although the development of imaging phantoms is evident, there are still some limitations to address: One of which is printing accuracy, due to the printer properties. Another limitation is the materials available to print: There are not enough materials to mimic all the tissue properties. For example, one material can mimic one property-such as the density of real tissue-but not any other property, like speed of sound or attenuation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Characterization Of 3d-printed Phantom Spatial Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B6 Geometricalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound

2018

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“…Previous studies for different imaging systems have reported on phantoms that recapitulate the heterogeneous anatomical regions of human physiology. [18][19][20][21][22][23] Nonetheless, most of the existing phantoms for SPECT, PET, CT, and MRI are not suitable for multimodality imaging. They are limited in their abilities to repeat and reproduce the heterogeneous nature of the tumor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical imaging phantoms for simulation of tumor heterogeneity in PET, CT, and MRI: An overview of existing designs

2020

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Background: In oncology, lesion characterization is essential for tumor grading, treatment planning, and follow-up of cancer patients. Hybrid imaging systems, such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)/CT, Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/CT, or PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), play an essential role for the noninvasive quantification of tumor characteristics. However, most of the existing approaches are challenged by intra-and intertumor heterogeneity. Novel quantitative imaging parameters that can be derived from textural feature analysis (as part of radiomics) are promising complements for improved characterization of tumor heterogeneity, thus, supporting clinically relevant implementations of personalized medicine concepts. Nevertheless, establishing new quantitative parameters for tumor characterization requires the use of standardized imaging objects to test the reliability of results prior to their implementation in patient studies. Methods: In this review, we summarize existing reports on heterogeneous phantoms with a focus on simulating tumor heterogeneity. We discuss the techniques, materials, advantages, and limitations of the existing phantoms for PET, CT, and MR imaging modalities. Conclusions: Finally, we outline the future directions and requirements for the design of cross modality imaging phantoms.

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3D printed testing aids for radiographic quality control

Ogden

Morabito

Depew

2019

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Quality control testing of radiographic and fluoroscopic imaging systems requires positioning of test objects in the x‐ray beam in a precise and repeatable fashion. In this work we present several three‐dimensional (3D) printed testing aids that improve efficiency, accuracy, and repeatability of quality control testing. We also present a new device for determining the location of the perpendicular ray in radiographic systems. These devices were designed in an open source software program (OpenScad, http://www.openscad.org) and 3D models were saved in .stl format for printing. The models were printed on either a MakerBot Replicator 2 or Replicator Z18 printer (MakerBot Industries, LLC, Brooklyn, NY). The testing aids were printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament. To investigate the radiographic characteristics of the PLA used, test articles were printed and used to measure the half‐value layer (HVL) thicknesses in mm of PLA and half‐value densities (HVD) in g/cm2 of PLA for two different colors and over a wide range of radiographic beam qualities, using a portable fluoroscopic c‐arm system. HVL thicknesses of clear PLA ranged from approximately 20 mm at 50 kV nominal tube voltage to 27 mm at 120 kV nominal tube voltage. For green PLA, the HVL thickness was 19 mm at 50 kV tube voltage and 25.7 mm at 120 kV tube voltage. The HVD of clear PLA ranged from 2.37 g/cm2 at 50 kV nominal tube voltage to 3.19 g/cm2 at 120 kV nominal tube voltage. For green PLA, the HVD was 2.35 g/cm2 at 50 kV tube voltage and 3.17 g/cm2 at 120 kV tube voltage. The cost of the devices range from under $2 to approximately $20 in materials. The files used to create the models are freely available at https://github.com/Upstate3DLab/3D-Printed-Radiographic-Test-Tools.

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Technical Note: Development of a 3D printed subresolution sandwich phantom for validation of brain SPECT analysis

Cited by 22 publications

References 65 publications

Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound

Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound

Physical imaging phantoms for simulation of tumor heterogeneity in PET, CT, and MRI: An overview of existing designs

3D printed testing aids for radiographic quality control

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