Technical Note: Constructing Tornado Diagrams with Spreadsheets

Eschenbach, Ted

doi:10.1080/00137910600695676

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Sensitivities for toxicity and agglomeration were determined using the principle of the tornado diagram [11]. The baseline for the parameters was <5% of Ag þ ions, 42 nm of average diameter, and 0.4 mg/L of total Ag concentration.…”

Section: Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the present study investigated the agglomeration of AgNPs as a function of concentration, size, and ionic ratio. To examine the relation between sensitivity to toxicity and agglomeration characteristics, the tornado diagram was used; this diagram is employed in the field of economics, frequently to evaluate the impact of uncertain variables on strategy decisions or investment policies [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticle related to physicochemical metrics and agglomeration properties

Bae

Park

Lee

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

122

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Silver particles are used in various consumer products due to their positive effects, which include sterilization and antibacterial properties. However, it has been reported that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have strongly acute toxic effects on various cells. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was investigated, using Escherichia coli as a model organism, from the standpoint of three key metrics (ionic ratio, size, and agglomeration) that are the most relevant physicochemical properties. The findings indicated that cytotoxicity is depressed by the agglomeration of AgNPs. The order of toxic sensitivity was as follows: total Ag concentration > ionic ratio > size, the order of which was inversely related to the extent of agglomeration.

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Section: Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticle related to physicochemical metrics and agglomeration properties

Bae

Park

Lee

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

122

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“…108 One-way sensitivity analyses were performed on treatment costs for events (±10%), utility decrements (±10%) and the discount rate (0%, 5%) using the 30-year simulation data with the results shown as a tornado diagram. 109 We also explored two scenarios with intervention costs of £750 (three-quarters of the cost) and £500 (half of the cost) to represent lower set-up costs (e.g. making use of previously designed materials).…”

Section: Analysis Of Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomised trial of the effect and cost-effectiveness of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: the Anglo–Danish–Dutch Study of Intensive Treatment in People with Screen-Detected Diabetes in Primary Care (ADDITION-Europe) study

Simmons

Borch‐Johnsen

Lauritzen

et al. 2016

Health Technol Assess

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BackgroundIntensive treatment (IT) of cardiovascular risk factors can halve mortality among people with established type 2 diabetes but the effects of treatment earlier in the disease trajectory are uncertain.ObjectiveTo quantify the cost-effectiveness of intensive multifactorial treatment of screen-detected diabetes.DesignPragmatic, multicentre, cluster-randomised, parallel-group trial.SettingThree hundred and forty-three general practices in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Cambridge and Leicester, UK.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 40–69 years with screen-detected diabetes.InterventionsScreening plus routine care (RC) according to national guidelines or IT comprising screening and promotion of target-driven intensive management (medication and promotion of healthy lifestyles) of hyperglycaemia, blood pressure and cholesterol.Main outcome measuresThe primary end point was a composite of first cardiovascular event (cardiovascular mortality/morbidity, revascularisation and non-traumatic amputation) during a mean [standard deviation (SD)] follow-up of 5.3 (1.6) years. Secondary end points were (1) all-cause mortality; (2) microvascular outcomes (kidney function, retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy); and (3) patient-reported outcomes (health status, well-being, quality of life, treatment satisfaction). Economic analyses estimated mean costs (UK 2009/10 prices) and quality-adjusted life-years from an NHS perspective. We extrapolated data to 30 years using the UK Prospective Diabetes Study outcomes model [version 1.3;©Isis Innovation Ltd 2010; seewww.dtu.ox.ac.uk/outcomesmodel(accessed 27 January 2016)].ResultsWe included 3055 (RC,n = 1377; IT,n = 1678) of the 3057 recruited patients [mean (SD) age 60.3 (6.9) years] in intention-to-treat analyses. Prescription of glucose-lowering, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medication increased in both groups, more so in the IT group than in the RC group. There were clinically important improvements in cardiovascular risk factors in both study groups. Modest but statistically significant differences between groups in reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, blood pressure and cholesterol favoured the IT group. The incidence of first cardiovascular event [IT 7.2%, 13.5 per 1000 person-years; RC 8.5%, 15.9 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.05] and all-cause mortality (IT 6.2%, 11.6 per 1000 person-years; RC 6.7%, 12.5 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.21) did not differ between groups. At 5 years, albuminuria was present in 22.7% and 24.4% of participants in the IT and RC groups, respectively [odds ratio (OR) 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.07), retinopathy in 10.2% and 12.1%, respectively (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.10), and neuropathy in 4.9% and 5.9% (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.34), respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate increased between baseline and follow-up in both groups (IT 4.31 ml/minute; RC 6.44 ml/minute). Health status, well-being, diabetes-specific quality of life and treatment satisfaction did not differ between the groups. The intervention cost £981 per patient and was not cost-effective at costs ≥ £631 per patient.ConclusionsCompared with RC, IT was associated with modest increases in prescribed treatment, reduced levels of risk factors and non-significant reductions in cardiovascular events, microvascular complications and death over 5 years. IT did not adversely affect patient-reported outcomes. IT was not cost-effective but might be if delivered at a reduced cost. The lower than expected event rate, heterogeneity of intervention delivery between centres and improvements in general practice diabetes care limited the achievable differences in treatment between groups. Further follow-up to assess the legacy effects of early IT is warranted.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00237549.Funding detailsThis project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 64. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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“…Therefore, robust sensitivity analyses are needed. Tornado plots and extreme tail analysis are considered to be better methods for evaluating the sensitivity of variables in models (Eschenbach, 2006;Vose, 1997).…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity analysis of a new dynamic modulus (|E*|) model for asphalt mixtures

Abdo

2012

Road Materials and Pavement Design

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Asphalt pavement designers have been using the dynamic modulus (|E * |) as a fundamental parameter to reflect the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) performance, and since |E * | is considered as an essential input in the new AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), many models were developed for evaluating and/or predicting this property for HMA. This article focuses on the verification of a newly developed model to predict |E * | by utilising robust sensitivity analyses through tornado plots and extreme tail analyses, which are used to identify the relative importance of the input variables on the predicted |E * |. Results showed that the binder dynamic shear modulus (|G * |) has the most significant effect, followed by the air void content, on the predicted |E * |, and both properties contributed largely to the extreme predicted values.

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Technical Note: Constructing Tornado Diagrams with Spreadsheets

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

Bacterial cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticle related to physicochemical metrics and agglomeration properties

Bacterial cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticle related to physicochemical metrics and agglomeration properties

Sensitivity analysis of a new dynamic modulus (|E*|) model for asphalt mixtures

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