Technical feasibility and economics of repurposed electric vehicles batteries for power peak shaving

Lee, Jia Woon; Haram, Mohammed Hussein Saleh Mohammed Mohammed; Ramasamy, Gobbi; Thiagarajah, Siva Priya; Ngu, Eng Eng; Lee, Yuen How

doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102752

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The C&I sector faces expensive electricity bills due to energy consumption usage and the maximum demand. According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) maximum demand charges could account for 30% to 70% of the electricity bill [21]. Using practices such as smart grids and ESS, consumers can cut down running costs by storing energy during off peak hours and utilising the energy during peak hours of the day.…”

Section: F the Right Time For Second Life Battery Usage Awareness In ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Establishing a second life ESS would further enrich the studies on the effect of ambient temperature and climate conditions on the ageing and performance of the SLB. With no current study focusing on using SLB for peak shaving in tropical countries, a ESS with SLB in Malaysia would provide sufficient data for the potential second life application in tropical countries [21].…”

Section: F the Right Time For Second Life Battery Usage Awareness In ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feasibility of Use of Second Life Electrical Vehicle Batteries in Data Centres in Malaysia

Mubaah

Thiagarajah

2023

JETAP

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It is estimated that the cumulative of Electric Vehicles (EVs) will reach 85 million by 2030. EV batteries that have degraded to 80% of their initial capacity no longer provide the required efficiency for EV, resulting in an increasing amount of batteries being discarded and stored in warehouses instead of being recycled. The cost of this storage after its End of Life (EOL) adds to the initial cost of the EV. There is amounting environmental pressure to re-purpose these discarded batteries in other applications, such as energy arbitrage and peak shaving, such that the initial cost of the EV be reduced. This work presents a feasibility study that allows discarded EV batteries to be repurposed batteries to provide peak shaving in a mid-tier data centre with an area size of 465 m2. A comparison of the cost during peak hours shows that the repurposed batteries can be used as a reliable power supply source to reduce the reliance of data centres on grid power during peak hours. Results showed that the use of these repurposed batteries also achieved a higher cost savings as compared to using brand new Lithium Ion battery over a period of 10 years. A reliability study also shows that the repurposed battery system and brand new battery system performs at par, when the data centre draws power from the grid during peak hours. The study concludes that power supply system in data centres that uses repurposed batteries to achieve peak shaving is a cost effective, green solution that should be implemented. In the larger picture, the reusability of the EV batteries is expected to reduce the initial price of the EV cars, allowing a larger market penetration and thus ensuring the sustainability of the EV car industry. Reusing the stored batteries also reduces environmental issues related to Lithium mining for brand new batteries, such as mining pollution and fresh water shortage.

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Section: F the Right Time For Second Life Battery Usage Awareness In ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F the Right Time For Second Life Battery Usage Awareness In ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of Use of Second Life Electrical Vehicle Batteries in Data Centres in Malaysia

Mubaah

Thiagarajah

2023

JETAP

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“…Another critical point to consider is the batteries' life cycle as an inherent consequence of the electrification of transport based on batteries. The potential of a second life for those batteries can be considered for stationary uses, as studied in [178].…”

Section: Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Role of Energy Storage in Multiple Energy Carriers toward Providing Ancillary Services: A Review

2022

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Renewable energy power plants and transport and heating electrification projects are being deployed to enable the replacement of fossil fuels as the primary energy source. This transition encourages distributed generation but makes the grid more weather-dependent, thus reducing its inertia. Simultaneously, electrical network operators face voltage, frequency, and stability challenges at the distribution level. Networks were not designed to manage the stochasticity of renewable energy sources or the congestion caused by the new transport and heating demands. Such challenges are commonly addressed through infrastructure reinforcements. This review studies how energy storage systems with different carriers can provide a collaborative solution involving prosumers as ancillary services providers at the distribution level. We focused on the European urban context; thus, we analyzed renewable energy sources, batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen fuel cells, thermal energy storage, and electric vehicles. A thorough review of successful implementations proved that including storage in one or more carriers benefits the distribution system operators and the prosumers, from both technical and economic perspectives. We propose a correlation between individual energy storage technologies and the ancillary services they can provide based on their responses to specific grid requirements. Therefore, distribution system operators can address network issues together with the prosumers. Nevertheless, attractive regulatory frameworks and business models are required to motivate prosumers to use their assets to support the grid. Further work is recommended to describe the joint operation of multiple storage technologies as multicarrier systems, focusing on the coupling of electrical and thermal energy storage. Additionally, how ancillary services affect the energy storage system’s aging should be studied.

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“…The remaining capacity of the discarded EV batteries, at about 70-80%, can be reused as SLB. [9] These huge numbers of SLBs can be employed to create a huge array of packs possessing power in the MWh range, which is suitable for stationary grids. [27] One of the second-life applications of SLB as stationary ESS is power peak shaving.…”

Section: Peak Shaving Using Slbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Peak Shaving Features of the Power Box

et al. 2022

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In this review article, a considerable discussion and details on peak shaving strategies involving incorporation of the electric vehicles to the grid, integration of energy storage system, demand‐side management, and renewable energy sources have been presented. Three types of peak shaving using energy storage systems, such as the battery energy storage system, supercapacitor energy storage system, and flywheel energy storage system, have been explained with the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. In one of these studies, the integration of a renewable photovoltaic source with battery energy storage in peak shaving has successfully produced an annual savings of $155 675.00. The introduction to the cost–benefit and sustainable second‐life batteries energy storage and their relationship with electric vehicles is also described. Another study involving electric vehicles BYD e6, which have the cheapest energy storage cost of 0.1208 $ kWh−1 and participated the most in peak shaving, obtains the most significant individual net income compared to other vehicles. Different demand‐side management practices and their advantages are thoroughly discussed. Finally, this article also includes the challenges, importance, perspectives, future work suggestions, and improvements on peak shaving performance, such as implying the smart grid energy storage technology to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 7.

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Technical feasibility and economics of repurposed electric vehicles batteries for power peak shaving

Cited by 37 publications

References 70 publications

Feasibility of Use of Second Life Electrical Vehicle Batteries in Data Centres in Malaysia

Feasibility of Use of Second Life Electrical Vehicle Batteries in Data Centres in Malaysia

Assessing the Role of Energy Storage in Multiple Energy Carriers toward Providing Ancillary Services: A Review

Review of Peak Shaving Features of the Power Box

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