Technical Challenges in Current Primo Vascular System Research and Potential Solutions

Abstract

Since Bonghan Kim's discovery of the Bonghan system (BHS) in the 1960s, numerous reports have suggested that the system is fundamental for maintaining mammalian life. The BHS is a circulatory system independent of the blood or the lymphatic system, forms an extensive network throughout the entire mammalian body, has been reported to be the acupuncture meridian, stores distinct types of stem cells, and appears to have some roles in cancer metastasis. Despite Kim's first report having been published as early as 1962, research progress has been rather slow mainly because the system is very small and translucent, making it optically difficult to distinguish it from the hemoglobin-rich surrounding tissues. Unfortunately, Kim did not describe in detail the methods that he used for identifying and harvesting the system and the components of the system. In 2000, Kwang-Sup Soh reopened the BHS research, and since then, new and important scientific findings on the system have been reported, and many of Kim's results have been verified. In 2010, the BHS was renamed the primo vascular system. Nevertheless, good tools to properly deal with this system are still lacking. In this article, we address some of the technical difficulties involved in studying the primo vascular system and attempt to discuss potential ways to overcome those difficulties.

Traditional Acupuncture Meets Modern Nanotechnology: Opportunities and Perspectives

“…We clearly want to point out that the relationship between PVS and meridians still needs future exploration. This is in accordance with the article of Kang et al [43]. These authors also reported on identifying PVS with nanoparticles; however they also stated that the possible existence of PVS is still not known to many scientists [43].…”

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“…Up to now, the related real-time imaging articles on PV are still limited [ 27 ]. A section of vessel floating freely in the LV was frequently imaged in SFM and pCLE videos.…”

Bonghan (primo vascular) system, elucidated by Bong Han Kim: Kim’s findings, later verifications, new findings, and prospective: A review

“…Kyung Aih Kang lished data), respectively. This subtype have been identified by many PVS scientists, although the ones inside the lymphatic vessels [15][16][17][18][19][20] are known to be easier to identify than the ones inside blood vessels [14,21,22] because lymphatic vessels and fluid are translucent, while blood contain large quantity of hemoglobin, a strong chromophore. Fig.…”