Technical and Environmental Opportunities for Freeze Desalination

Thermal plasma-synthesized gray-black TiO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies for high-efficiency solar desalination

“…These methodologies encompass membrane desalination, [3][4][5] electrochemical desalination, 6 geothermal desalination, 7 and other advanced techniques. [8][9][10] Nevertheless, the majority of these technologies entail considerable energy consumption, substantial equipment costs, and intricate operational processes. Solar energy, serving as the Earth's predominant thermal source, has garnered considerable attention owing to its potential to alleviate water resource scarcity and contribute to sustainable energy practices.…”

“…These methodologies encompass membrane desalination, 3–5 electrochemical desalination, 6 geothermal desalination, 7 and other advanced techniques. 8–10 Nevertheless, the majority of these technologies entail considerable energy consumption, substantial equipment costs, and intricate operational processes.…”