“…Computation and application aspects of mathematics, as used in CBM, have been shown to be highly related but represent distinct constructs (Thurber, Shinn, & Smolkowski, 2002). Basic fact fluency may represent a robust indictor of mathematics performance with utility for treatment planning (Christ, Scullin, Tolbize, & Jiban, 2008; Espin, Deno, Maruyama, & Cohen, 1989; Foegen, 2000; Foegen & Deno, 2001), albeit it is unlikely to be representative of general mathematics achievement (Christ et al, 2008). Computation fluency is considered the hallmark of mathematics learning disabilities (Gersten, Jordan, & Flojo, 2005), and neuroscientific evidence supports that fact fluency is associated with performance on higher level mathematics tasks (e.g., Price, Mazzocco, & Ansari, 2013).…”