Teat skin normal flora and colonization with mastitis pathogen inhibitors

Woodward, Wayne D.; Ward, A. C. S.; Fox, Lawrence K.; Corbeil, Lynette B.

doi:10.1016/0378-1135(88)90049-1

Cited by 18 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These data and the fact that all of the A. viridans isolates were recovered in pure culture greatly support a causal relationship between this microorganism and lesions. However, the great genetic diversity of this microorganism observed in the present study, as well as the isolation of clinical isolates with different PFGE profiles from different pigs of the same herd, indicate an exposure of animals to multiple A. viridans strains, which is in accordance with its wide distribution (4,30), and also suggests an opportunistic pathogenic character of this microorganism. The pathogenicity of A. viridans is not clearly understood and immunosuppression seems to contribute or to be necessary for the development of clinical disease (3).…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

“…In most cases, the number of A. viridans isolates per herd ranged between 1 and 3 (Table 1), but in three herds in which more than four isolates were isolated (nine, eight, and four isolates in herds 14, 8, and 3, respectively) at least three different PFGE profiles were identified. A. viridans is a usual commensal microorganism of the normal flora, and it is also widespread in the environment (4,30), which could explain the great number of different PFGE profiles obtained among the isolates studied.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Aerococcus viridans Isolates from Swine Clinical Specimens

et al. 2007

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We present here the biochemical and genetic characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of 58 isolates of Aerococcus viridans isolated in pure culture from different clinical specimens of normally sterile body sites of pigs. A. viridans isolates were commonly susceptible to ␤-lactam antimicrobials and exhibited a great genetic heterogeneity as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. The results indicate that A. viridans might be included in the list of possible etiological agents causing disease in pigs.The genus Aerococcus was initially described including a single species, Aerococcus viridans. Five new species of Aerococcus have been further identified: Aerococcus urinae, Aerococcus sanguinicola, Aerococcus christensenii, Aerococcus urinaeequi, and Aerococcus urinaehominis (6; http://www.bacterio .net). The clinical significance of these species has been clearly established for A. urinae and A. viridans. A. urinae is a rarely reported human pathogen that has been identified as responsible for urinary tract infections, septicemia, sepsis, endocarditis, or lymphadenitis (22)(23)(24)32). A. viridans has been associated with different human infections such as endocarditis, urinary tract infections, arthritis, or meningitis (7,10,13,20). Moreover, this species is a pathogen for crustaceans, causing gaffkemia in marine lobsters (1, 26), and it has been associated with septicemia in sea turtles (27). A. viridans has also been isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis (5) and has been associated with septicemia in immunodeficient mice (3); there have been no reports, as far as we know, of the isolation of this microorganism from other animal species. In the present study we report the isolation, biochemical and genetic characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of 58 isolates of A. viridans from different clinical specimens of pigs.According to the source of isolation, 30 isolates were obtained from the joints of pigs with arthritis, 14 isolates were obtained from the brains of pigs with meningitis, and 14 isolates were obtained from the lungs of pigs with pneumonia. All isolates were recovered in pure culture from individual animal samples in moderate to high numbers, which is indicative of their clinical significance and therefore likely to be associated with bacterial infection. Details of the clinical background of the A. viridans isolates included in the study are given in Table 1. Isolation of A. viridans isolates from clinical specimens was carried out on Columbia agar containing 5% of defibrinated sheep blood (bioMérieux España, s.a.) after incubation at 37°C for 24 h under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. All isolates were gram-positive catalase-negative cocci arranged in single cells, in pairs, in tetrads, or in small groups. The organisms were facultatively anaerobic and produced unpigmented, alpha-hemolytic, circular, colonies Ͻ1 mm in diameter after 24 h of incubation at 37°C on blood agar. Biochemical identification of A. viridans isolates was carried out by ...

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confidence: 69%

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of Aerococcus viridans Isolates from Swine Clinical Specimens

et al. 2007

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“…Culture-based studies of the bovine skin or teat canal have reported the presence of predominantly coagulase-negative staphylococci, as well as Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp. More comprehensive studies by Woodward et al (1988) and Cullen & Hebert (1967) also reported the less frequent isolation of Acinetobacter spp., Aerococcus spp., Bacillus spp. (Lloyd, 1984;White et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The estimated Jaccard similarity index, adjusted to account for both species abundance and uncollected species , was only 0.166 for the two samples. Colonization of the teat end by nonpathogens may be able to inhibit the development of mastitis either by antagonism or competitive exclusion mechanisms (Woodward et al, 1987(Woodward et al, , 1988. The lack of commonality may also represent a difference in the selection pressures applied to each group by greatly different management practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of bacterial populations recovered from the teat canals of lactating dairy and beef cattle by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis

Gill

Sabour

Gong

et al. 2006

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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Bovine mastitis is of major concern to the dairy industry worldwide. The bovine teat canal is the primary route through which pathogens enter the mammary gland. The microflora of the teat canals of dairy and beef cattle was investigated by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The goal was to examine the global difference between dairy cattle, which are sanitized on a regular basis, and beef cattle, which receive little sanitary management. A diverse population of 16S rRNA gene sequences was recovered from both the dairy and the beef herd samples, with diversity higher in the beef sample. Analysis revealed the presence of 90 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among 156 sequences, with 45 OTUs in the dairy sample and 53 OTUs in the beef sample. Only eight OTUs were common to both samples. Members of the classes Clostridia and Bacilli dominated both samples, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The dairy sample contained a cluster (20/80 clones) of Staphylococcaceae members, seven of which were identifiable as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. The beef sample was dominated by members of the genus Clostridia, many of which have not been previously cultured. The results suggest that the microorganisms present in the bovine teat canal are more diverse than previously described.

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“…In contrast, NAS have also been reported to have a protective role against major IMI-related pathogens (Matthews et al, 1990; De Vliegher et al, 2004). Contradictory findings among studies regarding pathogenicity of NAS is potentially related to classifying disparate species and strains of staphylococci as one group (Woodward et al, 1987, 1988; Matthews et al, 1990; Piepers et al, 2009; Vanderhaeghen et al, 2014). However, NAS are a heterogeneous group of numerous species and it is, therefore, expected that individual NAS species will have different effects on udder health and production (Piepers et al, 2009; Vanderhaeghen et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Phylogenetic Analysis of Bovine Non-aureus Staphylococci Species Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing

et al. 2016

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Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), a heterogeneous group of a large number of species and subspecies, are the most frequently isolated pathogens from intramammary infections in dairy cattle. Phylogenetic relationships among bovine NAS species are controversial and have mostly been determined based on single-gene trees. Herein, we analyzed phylogeny of bovine NAS species using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 441 distinct isolates. In addition, evolutionary relationships among bovine NAS were estimated from multilocus data of 16S rRNA, hsp60, rpoB, sodA, and tuf genes and sequences from these and numerous other single genes/proteins. All phylogenies were created with FastTree, Maximum-Likelihood, Maximum-Parsimony, and Neighbor-Joining methods. Regardless of methodology, WGS-trees clearly separated bovine NAS species into five monophyletic coherent clades. Furthermore, there were consistent interspecies relationships within clades in all WGS phylogenetic reconstructions. Except for the Maximum-Parsimony tree, multilocus data analysis similarly produced five clades. There were large variations in determining clades and interspecies relationships in single gene/protein trees, under different methods of tree constructions, highlighting limitations of using single genes for determining bovine NAS phylogeny. However, based on WGS data, we established a robust phylogeny of bovine NAS species, unaffected by method or model of evolutionary reconstructions. Therefore, it is now possible to determine associations between phylogeny and many biological traits, such as virulence, antimicrobial resistance, environmental niche, geographical distribution, and host specificity.

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Teat skin normal flora and colonization with mastitis pathogen inhibitors

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Characterization of Aerococcus viridans Isolates from Swine Clinical Specimens

Characterization of Aerococcus viridans Isolates from Swine Clinical Specimens

Characterization of bacterial populations recovered from the teat canals of lactating dairy and beef cattle by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis

Comprehensive Phylogenetic Analysis of Bovine Non-aureus Staphylococci Species Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing

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