Tear fluid biomarkers in major depressive disorder: Potential of spectral methods in biomarker discovery

Krajčíková, Kristína; Semančíková, Erika; Zakuťanská, Katarína; Kondrakhova, D. M.; Mašlanková, Jana; Stupák, Marek; Talian, Ivan; Tomašovičová, Natália; Kimáková, Tatiana; Komanický, Vladimír; Dubayová, Katarı́na; Breznoscakova, D.; Palova, E.; Semančík, Juraj; Tomečková, Vladimı́ra

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.038

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Infrared spectroscopy is not a suitable method for monitoring changes in protein structure in patients with MS in contrast to other diseases such as diabetes mellitus [23], eye diseases [40], or depressive disorders [41], as we showed previously. Other experimental techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, atomic-force microscopy, and especially liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are more suitable for MS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid and Its Processing for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Tomečková

Tkáčiková

Talian

et al. 2023

Sensors

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A pilot analysis of the tear fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) collected by glass microcapillary was performed using various experimental methods: liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and atomic-force microscopy. Infrared spectroscopy found no significant difference between the tear fluid of MS patients and the control spectra; all three significant peaks were located at around the same positions. Raman analysis showed differences between the spectra of the tear fluid of MS patients and the spectra of healthy subjects, which indicated a decrease in tryptophan and phenylalanine content and changes in the relative contributions of the secondary structures of the polypeptide chains of tear proteins. Atomic-force microscopy exhibited a surface fern-shaped dendrite morphology of the tear fluid of patients with MS, with less roughness on both oriented silicon (100) and glass substrates compared to the tear fluid of control subjects. The results of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry showed downregulation of glycosphingolipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Proteomic analysis identified upregulated proteins in the tear fluid of patients with MS such as cystatine, phospholipid transfer protein, transcobalamin-1, immunoglobulin lambda variable 1–47, lactoperoxidase, and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1; and downregulated proteins such as haptoglobin, prosaposin, cytoskeletal keratin type I pre-mRNA-processing factor 17, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and phospholipase A2. This study showed that the tear proteome in patients with MS is modified and can reflect inflammation. Tear fluid is not a commonly used biological material in clinico-biochemical laboratories. Experimental proteomics has the potential to become a promising contemporary tool for personalized medicine, and it might be applied in clinical practice by providing a detailed analysis of the tear-fluid proteomic profile of patients with MS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid and Its Processing for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Tomečková

Tkáčiková

Talian

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Nevertheless, the AUC of cortisol was only 0.745 in this study, presenting adequate clinical differential capacity. As we all know, there has been a lack of effective biomarkers for diagnosing depression due to the complex pathogenesis (Krajčíková et al, 2021 ), and particularly single biomarkers were not satisfactory (Pratt and Stapelberg, 2018 ). Therefore, we further explored the distinguishing values of different combinations of IL-6, CRP, and cortisol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined serum IL-6, C-reactive protein, and cortisol may distinguish patients with anhedonia in major depressive disorder

Yue

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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Neuroinflammation and anhedonia in major depressive disorder (MDD) are closely connected, though the exact mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, and anhedonia, revealing the potential predictive value in identifying anhedonic MDD. In total, 66 patients with MDD (29 with anhedonia and 37 without anhedonia) and 66 healthy controls (HCs) were included. The severity of depression and anhedonia was evaluated using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-24 (HAMD-24) and Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), respectively. Serum cytokines were measured using flow cytofluorometric kits, while CRP and cortisol were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. We found higher serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, and cortisol in MDD than in HC where anhedonic MDD was highest. CRP and IL-6 were positively associated with anhedonia, and cortisol levels were related to both anhedonia and depression. A combination of IL-6, CRP, and cortisol had optimal predictive value for distinguishing anhedonic MDD. Anhedonic MDD has unique neuroendocrine-immune characteristics compared with those without anhedonia. The combination of IL-6, CRP, and cortisol might be an early marker to distinguish anhedonic MDD.

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“…Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used as an experimental diagnostic tool as described elsewhere [ 41 , 42 ]. Briefly, 2 μL of tear fluid was deposited on the microscopic glass slides and stretched over the surface by the method of blood smear.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Fisetin on Cyclosporine-Treated Dry Eye Disease in Dogs

Krajčíková

Balicka²,

Lapšanská³

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic debilitating ophthalmological disease with the current therapeutic options focused on the suppression of the symptoms. Among the possibilities of how to improve DED therapy, polyphenols have shown an enormous capacity to counteract DED functional changes. The study aimed to specifically target pathophysiological mechanisms by the addition of fisetin to the cyclosporine treatment protocol. We examined dog patients with DED on cyclosporine treatment that were administered 0.1% fisetin or fisetin-free eye drops. For the assessment of fisetin effects, tear film production and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were studied in the tear film. Tear production was not recovered after 7 or 14 days (9.40 mm ± 6.02 mm, p = 0.47; 9.80 mm ± 6.83 mm, p = 0.53, respectively). MMP-9 levels significantly increased after 7 days and then dropped after 14 days (775.44 ng/mL ± 527.52 ng/mL, p = 0.05; 328.49 ng/mL ± 376.29 ng/mL, p = 1.00, respectively). Fisetin addition to cyclosporine DED treatment was not able to restore tear fluid production but influenced molecular pathological events through MMP-9.

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Tear fluid biomarkers in major depressive disorder: Potential of spectral methods in biomarker discovery

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid and Its Processing for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid and Its Processing for the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Combined serum IL-6, C-reactive protein, and cortisol may distinguish patients with anhedonia in major depressive disorder

The Effects of Fisetin on Cyclosporine-Treated Dry Eye Disease in Dogs

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