Tear Film Osmolarity Measurements in Dry Eye Disease Using Electrical Impedance Technology

Jacobi, Christina; Jacobi, Arnd; Kruse, Friedrich E.; Cursiefen, Claus

doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e31821de383

Cited by 131 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although some published studies have demonstrated that normal subjects may have higher tear osmolarity values than dry eye patients, 14,15 other studies' results showed that the tear hyperosmolarity can be interpreted as an indicator of DED with good sensitivity and specificity. 7,[16][17][18] In our study, we agreed about the importance of tear hyperosmolarity in DED and we also showed that tear osmolarity is significantly higher in severe DED group than in moderate DED group. This may be interpreted as the tear osmolarity correlates with the DED severity, and it can be integrated into the DEWS grading system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Correlation of Dry Eye Workshop Dry Eye Severity Grading System With Tear Meniscus Measurement by Optical Coherence Tomography and Tear Osmolarity

Tukenmez-Dikmen

Yıldız²,

İmamoğlu³

et al. 2016

Eye &Amp; Contact Lens: Science &Amp; Clinical Practice

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Correlation of Dry Eye Workshop Dry Eye Severity Grading System With Tear Meniscus Measurement by Optical Coherence Tomography and Tear Osmolarity

Tukenmez-Dikmen

Yıldız²,

İmamoğlu³

et al. 2016

Eye &Amp; Contact Lens: Science &Amp; Clinical Practice

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“…These are among the most common tests used in the clinical setting [38]. However, in light of the evidence concerning the lack of a relationship between symptoms and these dry eye clinical tests, more studies are needed to confirm the relationship between symptoms and other more objective diagnostic tools, such as tear film osmolarity test [39] and the double-pass scattering test [40]. In conclusion, symptoms of DED have a moderate impact on vision-related quality of life in patients with SSc, and do not correlate well with clinical findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of dry eye signs and symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis

Gomes

Santhiago

Azevedo

et al. 2012

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Background One of the most frequent ocular features of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is dry eye disease (DED), which has been identified to occur in 37-79% of patients.Although several studies have found weak or no correlations between symptoms and signs of dry eye, symptoms are often the motivation for seeking eye care, and are therefore a critical outcome measure when assessing treatment effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of symptoms of dry eye on vision-related quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis, and to investigate the relation between clinical tests and symptoms of dry eye in these patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 45 consecutive patients with SSc were enrolled. For evaluation of the symptoms the "Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)" questionnaire was applied to all patients. After that, all individuals were submitted to a full ophthalmic examination, including the following tests: tear break-up time, Schirmer I, rose bengal staining. Patients were then grouped into dry eye and non-dry eye groups with regard to the diagnosis of dry eye. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables, whereas the Fisher exact test was used to compare categorical data between groups. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the correlations between clinical tests and OSDI scores. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results Dry eye disease was diagnosed in 22 patients (48.9%). Other ocular surface abnormalities found were: blepharitis (40% of the patients), pterygium (15.6%), pinguecula (82.2%), and superficial punctate keratitis (26.7%). Among the 45 patients, 29 patients (64.4%) had symptoms of ocular surface disease. The mean OSDI score was 26.8±25.8 (SD). There were no statistically significant differences in OSDI scores between DED and non-DED patients. No substantive correlations were found between OSDI scores and TBUT, Schirmer I, or rose bengal staining score, and none of the observed correlations reached statistical significance. Conclusion Symptoms of dry eye have a moderate impact on vision-related quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis and do not correlate well with clinical findings.

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“…60,61 Healthy humans have a median tear osmolarity of 301 mOsm/L, with a 50% CR (25th to 75th percentile) of 298 to 304 mOsm/L. 62 Repeated measurements in healthy human subjects have little variability. 60 Results of the present study revealed that tear osmolarity in healthy cats (median, 322 mOsm/L; 95% CR, 297 to 364 mOsm/L) is higher than that in humans but similar to that reported in a study 20 of 74 eyes from healthy cats (mean ± SD, 328.5 ± 17.94 mOsm/L).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Sebbag

Kass

Maggs

2015

javma

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Objective—To determine reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), phenol red thread test (PRTT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), tear osmolarity, and meibometry in healthy cats. Design—Evaluation study. Animals—135 healthy domestic cats aged 0.5 to 12.8 years. Procedures—Each test was performed once in 120 cats and repeated in 40. Pearson correlation was used to assess correlation among tests. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were used to evaluate test-retest repeatability. Results—Median (95% central range) values were 18 mm/min (9 to 34 mm/min) for STT-1, 29 mm/15 s (15 to 37 mm/15 s) for PRTT, 12.4 seconds (9.1 to 17.7 seconds) for TFBUT, 322 mOsm/L (297 to 364 mOsm/L) for osmolarity, and 32 meibometry units (MU; 11 to 114 MU) for peak meibometry value. The STT-1 and PRTT values were positively correlated. Age was weakly associated with TFBUT and osmolarity. Meibometry measurements were higher for strips that contacted the tear film (285 MU) than for those that touched the eyelid margin only (32 MU). All ICCs were < 0.75, and 95% LOA were wide. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tear deficiency should be suspected in cats with STT-1 < 9 mm/min, PRTT < 15 mm/15 s, or TFBUT < 9 to 10 seconds. Generally poor correlation among tests suggested that thorough tear film analysis requires performance of multiple tests in concert. Relatively poor test-retest repeatability should be considered when repeated tests are used to monitor tear film dysfunction and response to treatment.

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Tear Film Osmolarity Measurements in Dry Eye Disease Using Electrical Impedance Technology

Cited by 131 publications

References 26 publications

Correlation of Dry Eye Workshop Dry Eye Severity Grading System With Tear Meniscus Measurement by Optical Coherence Tomography and Tear Osmolarity

Correlation of Dry Eye Workshop Dry Eye Severity Grading System With Tear Meniscus Measurement by Optical Coherence Tomography and Tear Osmolarity

Evaluation of dry eye signs and symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis

Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

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