Tear‐film osmolarity in normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis

Davis, Kyshia; Townsend, Wendy M.

doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00916.x

Cited by 21 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…62 Repeated measurements in healthy human subjects have little variability. 60 Results of the present study revealed that tear osmolarity in healthy cats (median, 322 mOsm/L; 95% CR, 297 to 364 mOsm/L) is higher than that in humans but similar to that reported in a study 20 of 74 eyes from healthy cats (mean ± SD, 328.5 ± 17.94 mOsm/L). However, in the present study, difference in osmolarity was as high as 74 mOsm/L between the left and right eyes of the same cat recorded at the same session and as high as 53 mOsm/L for the same eye at separate sessions 7 days apart.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Additionally, it has been asserted that low STT values in cats may result from stress-induced increased sympathetic tone causing a temporary reduction in tearing during testing. 19,20 However, although not quantified in the present study, it was our impression that cats that were anxious or more resistant to restraint had a relatively rapid wetting of the STT strip (and not a decrease), which would not support that speculation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…20,[36][37][38][39][40] Unlike dogs, in which tear production decreases with increasing age 41 but is unchanged by sex, 41,42 we found no effect of age or sex on this measure in the feline population tested. Despite the relative consistency of results among studies reporting mean STT-1 values of cats, it is unclear what the lower limit for STT-1 values should be in healthy cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…6 Rapid TFBUT suggests an unstable tear film and has been reported for cats with conjunctivitis, [18][19][20] chronic nonhealing ulcers, 15 and corneal sequestra 15,16 as well as those previously infected with FHV-1. 19 In the present study, TFBUT (median, 12.4 seconds; 95% CR, 9.1 to 17.7 seconds) was shorter than TFBUTs reported in other studies 16,18,19,38 (mean, 13.5 to 21 seconds).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is increasing evidence that quantitative and qualitative tear film deficiencies are an important cofactor or cause of some of the most common and frustrating ocular diseases of cats, such as KCS, 6,14 chronic nonhealing corneal ulceration, 15 corneal sequestration, [15][16][17] conjunctivitis, [18][19][20] and keratoconjunctivitis following feline herpesvirus-1 infection. 19,21 Despite this, reference ranges for many of the tests commonly used to assess the human and canine tear film have not been established for healthy cats.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Sebbag

Kass

Maggs

2015

javma

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Objective—To determine reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), phenol red thread test (PRTT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), tear osmolarity, and meibometry in healthy cats. Design—Evaluation study. Animals—135 healthy domestic cats aged 0.5 to 12.8 years. Procedures—Each test was performed once in 120 cats and repeated in 40. Pearson correlation was used to assess correlation among tests. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were used to evaluate test-retest repeatability. Results—Median (95% central range) values were 18 mm/min (9 to 34 mm/min) for STT-1, 29 mm/15 s (15 to 37 mm/15 s) for PRTT, 12.4 seconds (9.1 to 17.7 seconds) for TFBUT, 322 mOsm/L (297 to 364 mOsm/L) for osmolarity, and 32 meibometry units (MU; 11 to 114 MU) for peak meibometry value. The STT-1 and PRTT values were positively correlated. Age was weakly associated with TFBUT and osmolarity. Meibometry measurements were higher for strips that contacted the tear film (285 MU) than for those that touched the eyelid margin only (32 MU). All ICCs were < 0.75, and 95% LOA were wide. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tear deficiency should be suspected in cats with STT-1 < 9 mm/min, PRTT < 15 mm/15 s, or TFBUT < 9 to 10 seconds. Generally poor correlation among tests suggested that thorough tear film analysis requires performance of multiple tests in concert. Relatively poor test-retest repeatability should be considered when repeated tests are used to monitor tear film dysfunction and response to treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Sebbag

Kass

Maggs

2015

javma

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Topical Ocular Therapeutics in Small Animals

James-Jenks

Pinard

2023

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

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Interfacial Phenomena and the Ocular Surface

et al. 2014

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Ocular surface disorders, such as dry eye disease, ocular rosacea, and allergic conjunctivitis, are a heterogeneous group of diseases that require an interdisciplinary approach to establish underlying causes and develop effective therapeutic strategies. These diverse disorders share a common thread in that they involve direct changes in ocular surface chemistry as well as the rheological properties of the tear film and topographical attributes of the cellular elements of the ocular surface. Knowledge of these properties is crucial to understand the formation and stability of the preocular tear film. The study of interfacial phenomena of the ocular surface flourished during the 1970s and 1980s, but after a series of lively debates in the literature concerning distinctions between the epithelial and the glandular origin of ocular surface disorders during the 1990s, research into this important topic has declined. In the meantime, new tools and techniques for the characterization and functionalization of biological surfaces have been developed. This review summarizes the available literature regarding the physicochemical attributes of the ocular surface, analyzes the role of interfacial phenomena in the pathobiology of ocular surface disease, identifies critical knowledge gaps concerning interfacial phenomena of the ocular surface, and discusses the opportunities for the exploitation of these phenomena to develop improved therapeutics for the treatment of ocular surface disorders.

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Tear‐film osmolarity in normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis

Abstract: The median tear-film osmolarity of normal cats was 328.5 mOsms/L. Despite the accelerated TFBUT, conjunctivitis did not cause a statistically significant change in tear-film osmolarity. The Tear Lab(TM) Osmolarity System was easily used and well tolerated by the cats in the study.

Cited by 21 publications

References 27 publications

Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Reference values, intertest correlations, and test-retest repeatability of selected tear film tests in healthy cats

Topical Ocular Therapeutics in Small Animals

Interfacial Phenomena and the Ocular Surface

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