Tear Film Amphiphilic and Anti-Inflammatory Lipids in Bovine Pink Eye

Wood, Paul L.; Donohue, Michelle N; Cebak, John E.; Beckmann, Taylor; Treece, MacKenzie; Johnson, Jason W.; Miller, Lynda M. J.

doi:10.3390/metabo8040081

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This contrasts with the 16- to 18-carbon hydroxy fatty acids of branched-chain FAHFAs. ω-FAHFAs, which have also been termed o-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), are restricted to meibomian glands and the associated tear film of the eye [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], amniotic fluid [ 22 ], sperm [ 23 ], semen [ 23 ], skin [ 24 , 25 ], and the vernix caseosa covering the skin of newborns [ 26 ]. The vernix caseosa also contains large amounts of cholesterol esters of ω-FAHFAs [ 26 ].…”

Section: Fahfa Lipid Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families

Wood

2020

Metabolites

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Fatty Acyl esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFA) encompass three different lipid families which have incorrectly been classified as wax esters. These families include (i) Branched-chain FAHFAs, involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and inflammation, with acylation of an internal branched-chain hydroxy-palmitic or -stearic acid; (ii) ω-FAHFAs, which function as biosurfactants in a number of biofluids, are formed via acylation of the ω-hydroxyl group of very-long-chain fatty acids (these lipids have also been designated as o-acyl hydroxy fatty acids; OAHFA); and (iii) Ornithine-FAHFAs are bacterial lipids formed by the acylation of short-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the addition of ornithine to the free carboxy group of the hydroxy fatty acid. The differences in biosynthetic pathways and cellular functions of these lipid families will be reviewed and compared to wax esters, which are formed by the acylation of a fatty alcohol, not a hydroxy fatty acid. In summary, FAHFA lipid families are both unique and complex in their biosynthesis and their biological actions. We have only evaluated the tip of the iceberg and much more exciting research is required to understand these lipids in health and disease.

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Section: Fahfa Lipid Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families

Wood

2020

Metabolites

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“…The amounts of various lipid species in tears vary in different studies due to various analytical techniques and collection methods used, and are reviewed elsewhere ( Pucker and Nichols, 2012 ; Butovich, 2013 ; Pucker and Haworth, 2015 ; Willcox et al., 2017 ). Whether the changes in tear lipid composition are associated with susceptibility to infections is not well understood but there are indications that alterations in tear lipids are correlated with the presence of bacteria that produce lipolytic enzyme as reported in chronic blepharitis in human ( Dougherty and McCulley, 1986a ; Dougherty and McCulley, 1986b ) and pink eye infection in cattle ( Wood et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Lipids In Tearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Tear Lipids in the Ocular Surface Defense

Mudgil

2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The concept of antimicrobial lipids as effectors of innate host defense is an emerging field. There is limited knowledge on the antimicrobial role of lipids in the ocular environment. Tears act as first line of defense to protect the ocular surface from infections. Antimicrobial effects of tear lipids have been demonstrated using meibomian lipids that are the source of majority of lipids in tears. This article describes the knowledge available on the antimicrobial role of tear lipids at the ocular surface and the antimicrobial potential of various lipid classes present in tears that can contribute to antimicrobial protection of the eye. Like other mucosal secretions, tears contain many proteins and lipids with known antimicrobial effects. The antimicrobial defense of tears is far stronger than can be demonstrated by the effects of individual compounds many of which are present in low concentrations but synergistic and additive interactions between them provide substantial antimicrobial protection to the ocular surface. It is inferred that antimicrobial lipids play important role in innate defense of tears, and cooperative interactions between various antimicrobial lipids and proteins in tears provide a potent host defense mechanism that is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens and renders self-sterilizing properties to tears for keeping the microbial load low at the ocular surface.

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“… 19 Thus, shedding intracellular iron can become a feast for the infected bacteria. 20 At the same time, bacterial infection provides several materials for lipid peroxides, including reactive oxygen species and fatty acids, 21 which can become a vicious cycle, exacerbating the infections and consequently leading to sepsis, which can trigger multi-organ dysfunction. 22 In conclusion, there is no doubt that ferroptosis exacerbates infections by bringing in multiple sources for bacterial growth, an essential cascade in sepsis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Role of Ferroptosis in Sepsis, Opportunity or Challenge?

Huang,

Ding,

Fang

et al. 2023

IDR

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Sepsis is a syndrome in multi-organ dysfunction triggered by a deleterious immunological reaction of the body to a condition caused by infection, surgery, or trauma. Currently, sepsis is thought to be primarily associated with abnormal immune responses resulting in organ microcirculatory disturbances, cellular mitochondrial dysfunction, and induced cell death, although the exact pathogenesis of sepsis is still inconclusive. In recent years, the role of abnormal metabolism of trace nutrients in the pathogenesis of sepsis has been investigated. Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that relies on iron and is characterized by unique morphological, biochemical, and genetic features. Unlike other forms of cell death, such as autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis, ferroptosis is primarily driven by lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis cells may be immunogenic, amplify inflammatory responses, cause more cell death, and ultimately induce multi-organ failure. An increasing number of studies have indicated the significance of ferroptosis in sepsis and its role in reducing inflammation. The effectiveness of sepsis treatment has been demonstrated by the use of drugs that specifically target molecules associated with the ferroptosis pathway, including ferroptosis inhibitors. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the multi-organ dysfunction caused by ferroptosis in sepsis. This article presents a summary and evaluation of recent progress in the role of ferroptosis through molecularly regulated mechanisms and its potential mechanisms of action in the multi-organ dysfunction associated with sepsis. It also discusses the current challenges and prospects in understanding the connection between sepsis and ferroptosis, and proposes innovative ideas and strategies for the treatment of sepsis.

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Tear Film Amphiphilic and Anti-Inflammatory Lipids in Bovine Pink Eye

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families

Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families

Antimicrobial Tear Lipids in the Ocular Surface Defense

The Emerging Role of Ferroptosis in Sepsis, Opportunity or Challenge?

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