“…AlHarbi et al (2015) found that pre-service teachers' understanding of osmosis and diffusion concepts had a mild positive correlation with their understanding of particle theory, which suggests that greater attention needs to be invested in teaching particle theory to ensure students' understanding of diffusion and osmosis. There are some studies in which teachers more actively approached the concepts; for example, using computer animations (Reinke et al, 2021;Sung et al, 2017), exercises and experiments (Haddad & Baldo, 2010;Lankford & Friedrichsen, 2012;Odom et al, 2017), a constructivist 5E model (Artun & Costu, 2013), and concept mapping (Kose, 2007).…”