“…The first is outside context effects, such as intercultural adaptation ( Lapresta and Huguet, 2008 ; Soldatova and Geer, 2013 ; Lou, 2021 ) and classroom teaching ( Català, 2015 ; Lynch and Motha, 2023 ; Sang, 2023 ). The second type is about different forms of identity, such as teacher identity ( Edwards and Burns, 2016 ; Nordstrom, 2020 ; Chao, 2022 ; Robertson and Yazan, 2022 ; Zhang and Hwang, 2023 ) and professional identity ( Skjeggestad et al, 2017 ; Bagiyan et al, 2021 ; Desselle et al, 2023 ). Besides, the research on cultural identity and languages mainly focuses on the issue of national identity ( Caldas and Caron-Caldas, 1999 ; Lai, 2011 ) and immigrant identity ( Petreñas et al, 2018 ).…”