“…Incorporated in this group of learning theories are a wide range of views that focus primarily on how the individual constructs understanding through various cognitive processes including low-level processes (e.g., attention, perception, encoding, storage, and retrieval of knowledge) and higher order processes, such as metacognition (Lever-Duffy, McDonald, & Mizell, 2005;Schunk, 2008). Of the studies reviewed, the instruction primarily focused on memory (Cade & Gunter, 2002;Greene, 1999), one or more cognitive and/or metacognitive processes often combined with a self-reflection/regulation component (Baxter, Woodward, & Olson, 2005;Butler, Beckingham, & Lauscher, 2005;Fuchs, Fuchs, Hamlett, & Appleton, 2002;Fuchs, Fuchs, & Prentice, 2004;Ives, 2007;Kramarksi, Mevarech, & Arami, 2002 1 ;Kroesbergen, Van Luit, & Naglieri, 2003;Naglieri & Johnson, 2000;van Garderen, 2007;Van Luit & Naglieri, 1999) or understanding of a mathematical content (Butler, Miller, Crehan, Babbitt, & Pierce, 2003;Cass, Cates, Smith, & Jackson, 2003;Jitendra, DiPipi, & Perron-Jones, 2002;Kamii, Rummelsburg, & Kari, 2005;Kaufman, Handl, & Thony, 2003;Maccini & Hughes, 2000;Witzel, Mercer, & Miller, 2003;Woodward & Brown, 2006;Xin, Jitendra, & Deatline-Buchman, 2005).…”