“…The questionnaire had nine demographic questions, while the 48 questions were related to the latent variables such as accreditation, motivation, and higher education performance. The detail of the scale items and their corresponding authors is as follows: five accreditation items (Seema et al, 2017); eighteen motivation items (Cruz et al, 2009;Hung, 2020;Mertler, 2001); twenty-five higher education performance items, including five TP items (Dicker et al, 2018;Goos & Salomons, 2017); five RP items (Yaakub & Mohamed, 2020); and fifteen SP items (Asif et al, 2013;Asif & Searcy, 2014;Badri & Abdulla, 2004;Hui et al, 2003;Nedwek & Neal, 1994).…”