Tbits/s physical random bit generation based on mutually coupled semiconductor laser chaotic entropy source

Tang, Xi; Wu, Zheng-Mao; Wu, Jiagui; Deng, Tao; Chen, Jianjun; Fan, Li; Zhong, Zhuqiang; Xia, Guang-Qiong

doi:10.1364/oe.23.033130

Cited by 92 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[13][14][15], ultrafast generation rates from a QRNG are typically achieved during proof of principle demonstrations. Lab equipment is used to generate the random signals, which are acquired by fast digital oscilloscopes [16][17][18][19]. Then, analysis and post-processing of the recorded data are done "offline", but the reported generation rates are evaluated as if all these processes were performed "on the fly".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Test of a Fast and Compact Quantum Random Number Generator

Marangon

Plews

Lucamarini

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Random numbers are an essential resource to many applications, including cryptography and Monte Carlo simulations. Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) represent the ultimate source of randomness, as the numbers are obtained by sampling a physical quantum process that is intrinsically probabilistic. However, they are yet to be widely employed to replace deterministic pseudo random number generators (PRNG) for practical applications. QRNGs are regarded as interesting devices. However they are slower than PRNGs for simulations and are typically seen as clumsy laboratory prototypes, prone to failures and unreliable for cryptographic applications.Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate a compact and self-contained QRNG capable of generating random numbers at a pace of 8 Gbit/s uninterruptedly for 71 days. During this period, the physical parameters of the quantum process were monitored in real time by self-checking functions implemented in the generator itself. At the same time, the output random numbers were analyzed with the most stringent suites of statistical tests. The analysis shows that the QRNG under test sustained the continuous operation without physical instabilities or hardware failures. At the same time, the output random numbers were analyzed with the most stringent suites of statistical tests, which were passed during the whole operation time. This extensive trial demonstrates the reliability of a robustly designed QRNG and paves the way to its use in practical applications based on randomness. * davide.marangon@crl.toshiba.co.uk; Accepted in IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Test of a Fast and Compact Quantum Random Number Generator

Marangon

Plews

Lucamarini

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…2(b)); Embedding scheme 2 with K = 15, G = 5 m = 1 and q = 7 (fig. 2(c)); Embedding scheme 2 for a different sequence than the one presented in the manuscript with K = 13, G = 5 and a parity of multiple bits m = 1 and q =[2,6,9,12] (fig. 2(c)).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Embedding information in physically generated random bit sequences while maintaining certified randomness

Sardi

Uzan

Otmazgin

et al. 2019

EPL

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Ultrafast physical random bit generation at hundreds of Gb/s rates, with verified randomness, is a crucial ingredient in secure communication and have recently emerged using optics based physical systems. Here we examine the inverse problem and measure the ratio of information bits that can be systematically embedded in a random bit sequence without degrading its certified randomness. These ratios exceed 0.01 in experimentally obtained long random bit sequences. Based on these findings we propose a high-capacity private-key cryptosystem with a finite key length, where the existence as well as the content of the communication is concealed in the random sequence. Our results call for a rethinking of the current quantitative definition of practical classical randomness as well as the measure of randomness generated by quantum methods, which have to include bounds using the proposed inverse information embedding method.Introduction. -Emerging classical and quantum secure communication methods rely on long, truly random, bit strings, which are used to scramble the information by applying mathematical functions. The mathematical definition of an ideal process for generating random bit sequences is straightforward -the next bit in the sequence is zero or one with equal probability independent of the previous bits. However, from a practical viewpoint, given a seemingly random sequence, how can one be sure that it is indeed random? It is possible that such a question is impossible to answer. Under such circumstances what does it imply about secure communications?Two decades ago the only available fast random bit generators (RBGs) were based on pseudo-random generators [1,2].The security using such random bit sequences is, however, undermined as a result of the deterministic nature of their generation. Concern about security has become even greater with the emergence of more sophisticated attacks on the growing communication networks with ever-increasing numbers of end users. The emergence of non-deterministic ultrafast physical RBGs began in 2008, based on the combined threshold and XOR gated bit outputs of two chaotic diode lasers, producing 1.7 Gb/s random bits with certified randomness [3]. The physical implementation required some constraints such as an incommensurate ratio between the lengths of the external laser cavities of the two similar lasers. A method based on a single chaotic laser whose chaotic intensity fluctuations are digitized and multi-bit extracted ( fig. 1) was introduced in 2009 and produced 12.5 Gb/s [4]. Subsequently, the single laser method was generalized and achieved generation rates of 300 Gb/s with certified randomness using higher order derivatives of the digitized signal [5]. This method has been further adopted and generalized [6,7] with rates moving toward Tb/s [8,9] using many variants including different types of lasers[10-

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“…have proposed and utilized a bit-order-reversal method, where 400-Gbit/s random bits have been realized. In 2015, Tang et al 19. have realized a 1.12 Tbit/s RNG rate by merging of two random-bit streams processed by the bit-revise and LSBs methods.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…By optimizing the post data processing method and enhancing the chaotic bandwidth, the chaos-based RNG rate has already exceeded Tbit/s16171921. However, in order to enhance the RNG rate, merging of two random-bit streams processed by bit-revise and LSBs methods were used in post data processing1921 or only “quasi-physical” random bits could be generated since high-order derivative method was needed to acquire additional valid bits exceeded the raw ADC1617.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in order to enhance the RNG rate, merging of two random-bit streams processed by bit-revise and LSBs methods were used in post data processing1921 or only “quasi-physical” random bits could be generated since high-order derivative method was needed to acquire additional valid bits exceeded the raw ADC1617. These complicated post data processing methods could hardly work on-line since high-speed computing and high-frequency clock synchronization circuits were indispensable.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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640-Gbit/s fast physical random number generation using a broadband chaotic semiconductor laser

Zhang

Pan

Chen

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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An ultra-fast physical random number generator is demonstrated utilizing a photonic integrated device based broadband chaotic source with a simple post data processing method. The compact chaotic source is implemented by using a monolithic integrated dual-mode amplified feedback laser (AFL) with self-injection, where a robust chaotic signal with RF frequency coverage of above 50 GHz and flatness of ±3.6 dB is generated. By using 4-least significant bits (LSBs) retaining from the 8-bit digitization of the chaotic waveform, random sequences with a bit-rate up to 640 Gbit/s (160 GS/s × 4 bits) are realized. The generated random bits have passed each of the fifteen NIST statistics tests (NIST SP800-22), indicating its randomness for practical applications.

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Tbits/s physical random bit generation based on mutually coupled semiconductor laser chaotic entropy source

Cited by 92 publications

References 27 publications

Long-Term Test of a Fast and Compact Quantum Random Number Generator

Long-Term Test of a Fast and Compact Quantum Random Number Generator

Embedding information in physically generated random bit sequences while maintaining certified randomness

640-Gbit/s fast physical random number generation using a broadband chaotic semiconductor laser

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