Taylor Cones of Ionic Liquids as Ion Sources: The Role of Electrical Conductivity and Surface Tension

Larriba-Andaluz, Carlos; Garoz, D.; Bueno, Cristina de Freitas; Romero‐Sanz, I.; Castro, S.; Mora, Juan Fernández de la; Yoshida, Yukihiro; Saito, Gunzi; Hagiwara, Rika; Matsumoto, Kunihiro; Wilkes, John S.

doi:10.1021/bk-2007-0975.ch021

Cited by 17 publications

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“…Liquids with high surface tension and conductivity have been shown to be capable of operating near or in the purely ionic regime (PIR), characterized by the highest attained performance for electrospray propulsion. This has been shown both theoretically and experimentally, [17][18][19] and is related to the maximum electric field on the meniscus of the liquid on the emitter 16.17…”

Section: B Electrochemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…16 Several other imidazole-based ionic liquids have been suggested for research in electrospray propulsion due to their favorable physical properties. 17 The following sections analyze the potential of ionic liquids to be used as spacecraft propellants in a dual-mode system. Section II identifies the physical properties required for acceptable performance in both modes, and ionic liquids that meet these criteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual-Mode Propellant Properties and Performance Analysis of Energetic Ionic Liquids

Berg

Rovey

2012

50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition

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Imidazole-based energetic ionic liquids capable of dual-mode chemical monopropellant or bipropellant and electric electrospray rocket propulsion are investigated. A literature review of ionic liquid physical properties is conducted to determine an initial set of ionic liquids that show favorable physical properties for both modes, followed by numerical and analytical performance simulations. Of the ionic liquids considered in this study, [Bmim][dca], [Bmim][NO 3 ], and [Emim][EtSO 4 ] meet or exceed the storability properties of hydrazine and their electrochemical properties are comparable to [Emim][Im], the current state-of-the-art electrospray propellant. Simulations show that these liquids do not perform well as chemical monopropellants, having 10-22% lower specific impulse due to their lack of oxidizing species. The ionic liquids show acceptable bipropellant performance when burned with standard oxidizers, having specific impulse 6-12% lower than monomethylhydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide combination. Considering these ionic liquids as a fuel component in a binary monopropellant mixture with hydroxyl ammonium nitrate shows 1-3% improved specific impulse over some green monopropellants, while retaining a higher molecular weight, reducing the number of electrospray emitters required to produce a given thrust level. More generally, ionic liquids with oxidizing anions perform well as chemical monopropellants while retaining high molecular weight desirable for electrospray propulsion missions. Nomenclature E max= maximum electric field e = fundamental charge F = thrust g o = acceleration of gravity I d = density specific impulse I emit = current flow per emitter I i = output current associated with charged particle emission I sp = specific impulse K = electrical conductivity MW = molecular weight m i = mass of particle i emit m = mass flow rate per emitter tot m = total mass flow rate N emit = number of emitters P c = chamber pressure P e = nozzle exit pressure Q = volume flow rate q = particle charge R = gas constant R A = ion fraction T c = combustion temperature 2 T m = melting temperature V acc = electrostatic acceleration potential V e = exit velocity x i = mass fraction of species i ΔH 0 f = heat of formation δ av = average specific gravity ε = dielectric constant, or nozzle expansion ratio ε o = permittivity of free space γ = ratio of specific heats, or surface tension φ(ε) = proportionality coefficient ρ = density ρ i = density of species i ρ n = density of species n

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Section: B Electrochemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Mode Propellant Properties and Performance Analysis of Energetic Ionic Liquids

Berg

Rovey

2012

50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition

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“…As summarized in Table 111, mixtures of Et 3 NH-Tf 2 N and EMI-BF 4 showed a discontinuous transition between the mixed regime and the PIR. As discussed in [10] these various early studies suggested that PIR operation would require not only a high electrical conductivity K, but also a relatively high surface tension y. This realization lead to a fourth phase of collaborations with groups that had already synthesized new ILs exhibiting high electrical conductivity.…”

Section: Ca+mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advances on electrospray propulsion in the purely ionic regime (PIR) Several types of distinct efforts have been undertaken here: 2.1 Identification of new ILs suitable for PIR operation This effort has been already described in detail in several conferences and Journal articles now in press or ready to be submitted [10,11]. A first relatively successful phase was based on commercially available ILs, as summarized in Table 1 In spite of the exceptional K values in the Table, none of these liquids achieved PIR operation.…”

Section: Ca+mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Work with the most interesting among these ILs, EMI-(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 N [EMI = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium], has already been published [5], with details on the experimental setup and the means to heat up the liquid. Also published are the temperatures at which PIR sets in for other ILs [10], which are reproduced in Table I together with other physical properties of the ILs studied. Details of these measurements are included in a relatively inaccessible Senior Thesis [14], but will be published soon [16].…”

Section: Introduction Objectives and Early Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heavy Ion Propulsion in the Megadalton Range

Mora¹,

Sanchez²,

Lozano³

et al. 2006

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ChemInform Abstract: Taylor Cones of Ionic Liquids as Ion Sources: The Role of Electrical Conductivity and Surface Tension

et al. 2008

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Organic chemistry Z 0200Taylor Cones of Ionic Liquids as Ion Sources: The Role of Electrical Conductivity and Surface Tension -[40 refs.]. -(LARRIBA, C.; GAROZ, D.; BUENO, C.; ROMERO-SANZ, I.; CASTRO, S.; FERNANDEZ DE LA MORA, J.; YOSHIDA, Y.; SAITO, G.; HAGIWARA, R.; MATSUMOTO, K.; et al.; ACS Symp. Ser. 975 (2007) 308-319; Mech. Eng. Dep., Yale Univ., New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Eng.) -Lindner 42-249

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Taylor Cones of Ionic Liquids as Ion Sources: The Role of Electrical Conductivity and Surface Tension

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Dual-Mode Propellant Properties and Performance Analysis of Energetic Ionic Liquids

Dual-Mode Propellant Properties and Performance Analysis of Energetic Ionic Liquids

Heavy Ion Propulsion in the Megadalton Range

ChemInform Abstract: Taylor Cones of Ionic Liquids as Ion Sources: The Role of Electrical Conductivity and Surface Tension

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