Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Termites

Kambhampati, Srinivas; Eggleton, Paul

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3223-9_1

Cited by 151 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…An initial analysis including 10 species of non-fungus-growing termites strongly supports the monophyly of the fungus-growing termites (posterior probability 0.98), which implies that fungus growing has a single origin within the termites. The non-fungus-growing species S. sphaerothorax, placed in the Macrotermitinae by some authors (16), falls outside the fungus-growing Macrotermitinae. It therefore is highly unlikely that S. sphaerothorax has secondarily lost its fungal symbiont as has been suggested previously (32).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One species belonging to the sister group of the Termitidae (Coptotermes sjostedti, Rhinotermitidae) was included to root the trees. Sphaerotermes sphaerothorax was included as well, because this species has been placed in the Macrotermitinae by some authors, although it does not cultivate fungi (16 (20). All our analyses used four chains, one cold and three incrementally heated, where the heat of the ith chain is B ϭ 1͞[1 ϩ (i Ϫ 1)T] and T ϭ 0.2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16; see the supporting information, which is published on the PNAS web site, www.pnas.org). Most of the diversity occurs in Africa, where 10 of the 11 genera are found.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the diversity occurs in Africa, where 10 of the 11 genera are found. Five genera occur in Asia (one of these exclusively) and two genera in Madagascar (16). Approximately 40 species of the Termitomyces symbiont have been described (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts

Aanen

Eggleton²,

Rouland-Lefèvre³

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We have estimated phylogenies of fungus-growing termites and their associated mutualistic fungi of the genus Termitomyces using Bayesian analyses of DNA sequences. Our study shows that the symbiosis has a single African origin and that secondary domestication of other fungi or reversal of mutualistic fungi to a freeliving state has not occurred. Host switching has been frequent, especially at the lower taxonomic levels, and nests of single termite , is derived with two independent origins. Despite repeated host switching, statistical tests taking phylogenetic uncertainty into account show a significant congruence between the termite and fungal phylogenies, because mutualistic interactions at higher taxonomic levels show considerable specificity. We identify common characteristics of fungus-farming evolution in termites and ants, which apply despite the major differences between these two insect agricultural systems. We hypothesize that biparental colony founding may have constrained the evolution of vertical symbiont transmission in termites but not in ants where males die after mating.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16; see the supporting information, which is published on the PNAS web site, www.pnas.org). Most of the diversity occurs in Africa, where 10 of the 11 genera are found.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts

Aanen

Eggleton²,

Rouland-Lefèvre³

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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382

506

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“…The chemical poisons of plants are mostly alkaloids (Shahid, 2003). Termites are members of the insect order, Isoptera, and more than 2600 species of termites are found around the world (Kambhampati & Eggleton, 2000;Eggleton, 2001, Ohkuma et al, 2004. Ecologically, termites are classified under three main groups based on their feeding and nesting behavior: damp wood termites, dry wood termites and subterranean termites (Chung & Lee, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constituents and termiticide potential of some wood extracts against Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Rasib

Aihetasham

2016

Turkish Journal of Entomology

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SummaryWood extractives are one of the main reasons for the resistance of wood to termite attack. A study was carried out to determine the chemical constituents of wood extractives from Pinus roxburghii Sargent, Morus alba L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh against Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann) under laboratory conditions in Forman Christian College University (Lahor, Pakistan) in June 2015. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of wood extractives of P. roxburghii detected 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester and octadecanoic acid (methyl ester). Hexadecanoic acid (methyl ester) and 1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-benzene were present in M. alba in addition to the compounds present in P. roxburghii and in E. camaldulensis 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester and β-phellandrene were also present. Based on the feeding activity, wood extracts were arranged in descending order of preference; P. roxburghii > M. alba > E. camaldulensis. Extracts of P. roxburghii, M. alba and E. camaldulensis proved repellent at higher concentrations, with tunneling activity almost fully inhibited. So these could prove useful in developing a soil barrier to block termite activity and serve as a replacement to synthetic chemicals. Keywords: Barrier, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, extractives, Morus alba, Pinus roxburghii, wood ÖzetOdun özütleri, termit saldırılarına karşı odun dayanıklılığının ana nedenlerinden birisidir. Bu çalışma 2015 yılı haziran ayında, Forman Christian College Üniversitesi (Lahor, Pakistan)'nde laboratuvar koşullarında Coptotermes heimi (Wasmann)'ye karşı Pinus roxburghii Sargent, Morus alba L. ve Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh'in odun özütlerinin kimyasal bileşenlerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. P. roxburghi'nin odun özütlerinin gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometresi sonucunda, 1,2-benzendikarboksilik asit, mono (2-etilheksil) ester ve oktadekanoik asit (metil ester) tespit edilmiştir. M. alba'da P. roxburghii'de mevcut bileşiklere ilave olarak heksadekanoik asit (metil ester) ve 1-metil-3-(1-metil-etil)-benzen bulunurken, E. camaldulensis'te 1,2-benzendikarboksilik asit, mono (2-etilheksil) ester ve β-fellandren de bulunmuştur. Odun özütleri beslenme aktivitesi tercih sırasına göre, P. roxburghii > M. alba > E. camaldulensis şeklinde olmuştur. P. roxburghii, M. alba ve E. camaldulensis özütlerinin daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda itici olduğu tespit edilmiş, tünel aktivitesi ise neredeyse tamamen engellenmiştir. Böylece, bu özütler termit aktivitesini engellemek için bir toprak bariyer geliştirilmesinde yararlı olabilir ve sentetik kimyasallara bir alternatif olarak hizmet edebilir.

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