Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina ×townsendii for British Columbia, Canada

Saarela, Jeffery M.

doi:10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(170 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…There are no known chromosome counts for Psilolemma or Urochondra. Obviously, cytological work has progressed more rapidly in Spartina (13 of the 59 chromosome counts in Table 2) since it is a dominant species of coastal habitats such as intertidal mud flats, estuaries, and salt marshes (Saarela, 2012). Hypothetically within Sporobolus s.l., 12 species in six clades have diploid populations, although only six species are known with only diploid chromosome reports, i.e., 2n = 12, 18 or 20 (Crypsis alopecuroides, Sporobolus madera spatanus, S. molleri Hack., S. montanus (Hook.f.)…”

Section: Sporobolus Cryptandrus Cladementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may reflect alignment differences and/or the different phylogenetic analyses conducted (parsimony in the earlier studies and ML and Bayesian here). Our sampling includes S. ×townsendii, a sterile F1 hybrid of S. alterniflora (the female parent) and S. maritima (the male parent) and the precursor of the amphidiploid S. anglica (reviewed in Saarela, 2012); the parentage of S. ×townsendii was confirmed based on variation in plastid regions (trnT-trnL, rpl16) and molecular fingerprinting (Ferris & al., 1997;Baumel & al., 2002Baumel & al., , 2003. Curiously, neither S. ×townsendii nor S. anglica were sampled in the earlier phylogenetic studies (Baumel & al., 2002;Fortune & al., 2007Fortune & al., , 2008.…”

Section: Sporobolus Cryptandrus Cladementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(186 spp. worldwide) (Mobberley, 1956, Lorch, 1962Napper, 1963;Thieret, 1966Thieret, , 2003Tan, 1985;Peterson & al., 2003Peterson & al., , 2004Peterson & al., , 2007Peterson & al., , 2010a; Nightingale & al., 2005;Clayton & al., 2006;Kern, 2012;Saarela, 2012). The Sporobolinae share most of the same character trends as for the Zoysieae, i.e., spikelets with a single floret, spiciform inflorescences of numerous deciduous racemelets disposed along a central axis, lemmas usually rounded and rarely with apical awns, and glumes often modified and oddly shaped, but differ by having modified caryopses (pericarps free, reluctantly so in Spartina; a free pericarp that separates completely from the seed has been referred to as the "cistoid type" whereas the "follicoid type" has a free pericarp adjoining the seed; we do not know which subtype applies to Spartina, see Sendulsky & al., 1986;Yang & al., 2008), spikelets oriented abaxially along the axis (lemma is facing the rachis), lemmas that are similar in texture to the glumes, and paleas that are relatively long and about the same length as the lemma (Peterson & al., 2004(Peterson & al., , 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae)

Peterson

Romaschenko

Arrieta³

et al. 2014

TAXON

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The grass subtribe Sporobolinae contains six genera: Calamovilfa (5 spp. endemic to North America), Crypsis (10 spp. endemic to Asia and Africa), Psilolemma (1 sp. endemic to Africa), Spartina (17 spp. centered in North America), Sporobolus (186 spp. distributed worldwide), and Thellungia (1 sp. endemic to Australia). Most species in this subtribe have spikelets with a single floret, 1-veined (occasionally 3 or more) lemmas, a ciliate membrane or line of hairs for a ligule, and fruits with free pericarps (modified caryopses). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on 177 species (281 samples), of which 145 species were in the Sporobolinae, using sequence data from four plastid regions (rpl32-trnL spacer, ndhA intron, rps16-trnK spacer, rps16 intron) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) to infer evolutionary relationships and provide an evolutionary framework on which to revise the classification. The phylogenetic analysis provides weak to moderate support for a paraphyletic Sporobolus that includes Calamovilfa, Crypsis, Spartina, and Thellungia. In the combined plastid tree, Psilolemma jaegeri is sister to a trichotomy that includes an unsupported Urochondra-Zoysia clade (subtr. Zoysiinae), a strongly supported Sporobolus somalensis lineage, and a weakly supported Sporobolus s.l. lineage. In the ITS tree the Zoysiinae is sister to a highly supported Sporobolinae in which a Psilolemma jaegeri-Sporobolus somalensis clade is sister to the remaining species of Sporobolus s.l. Within Sporobolus s.l. the nuclear and plastid analyses identify the same 16 major clades of which 11 are strongly supported in the ITS tree and 12 are strongly supported in the combined plastid tree. The positions of three of these clades representing proposed sections Crypsis, Fimbriatae, and Triachyrum are discordant in the nuclear and plastid trees, indicating their origins may involve hybridization. Seven species fall outside the major clades in both trees, and the placement of ten species of Sporobolus are discordant in the nuclear and plastid trees. We propose incorporating Calamovilfa, Crypsis, Spartina, Thellungia, and Eragrostis megalosperma within Sporobolus, and make the requisite 35 new combinations or new names. The molecular results support the recognition of 11 sections and 11 subsections within Sporobolus s.l.; four sections are new:

show abstract

Section: Sporobolus Cryptandrus Cladementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sporobolus Cryptandrus Cladementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae)

Peterson

Romaschenko

Arrieta³

et al. 2014

TAXON

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…37°56′N), north to Vancouver Island, British Columbia (ca. 49°20′N) (Bortolus, 2006; Saarela, 2012). In the Iberian Peninsula, it has invaded very different estuarine habitats (Nieva et al, 2001b), and a variety of phenotypes are recognized (Castillo et al, 2003, 2008; Nieva et al, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity of invasive Spartina densiflora (Poaceae) along a broad latitudinal gradient on the Pacific Coast of North America

Castillo

Grewell

Pickart³

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

• Premise of the study: Phenotypic acclimation of individual plants and genetic differentiation by natural selection within invasive populations are two potential mechanisms that may confer fitness advantages and allow plants to cope with environmental variation. The invasion of Spartina densiflora across a wide latitudinal gradient from California (USA) to British Columbia (Canada) provides a natural model system to study the potential mechanisms underlying the response of invasive populations to substantial variation in climate and other environmental variables. • Methods: We examined morphological and physiological leaf traits of Spartina densiflora plants in populations from invaded estuarine sites across broad latitudinal and climate gradients along the Pacific west coast of North America and in favorable conditions in a common garden experiment. • Key results: Our results show that key foliar traits varied widely among populations. Most foliar traits measured in the field were lower than would be expected under ideal growing conditions. Photosynthetic pigment concentrations at higher latitudes were lower than those observed at lower latitudes. Greater leaf rolling, reduced leaf lengths, and lower chlorophyll and higher carbon concentrations were observed with anoxic sediments. Lower chlorophyll to carotenoids ratios and reduced nitrogen concentrations were correlated with sediment salinity. Our results suggest that the variations of foliar traits recorded in the field are a plastic phenotypic response that was not sustained under common garden conditions. • Conclusions: Spartina densiflora shows wide differences in its foliar traits in response to environmental heterogeneity in salt marshes, which appears to be the result of phenotypic plasticity rather than genetic differentiation.

show abstract

“…Spartina alterniflora is also one of the most widely distributed marsh halophytes in the western Atlantic Ocean, where it ranges over more than 100 degrees of latitude from Canada to Argentina (Saint-Yves, 1932;Chapman, 1960Chapman, , 1977Day et al, 1989;Adam, 1993;Mitsch & Gosselink, 2000;Blum et al, 2007;Ainouche et al, 2009;Mora-Olivo & Vald es-Reyna, 2011;Saarela, 2012; further historical records are available at http://www.theplantlist.org), albeit with an important gap between 10°and 19°N from northern South America to southern Mexico, a geographic break encompassing all of Central America. While studies of salt marsh dynamics, and of S. alterniflora specifically, are deeply rooted in North America (Mitsch & Gosselink, 2000;Weinstein & Kreeger, 2000), salt marsh ecology is a relatively young discipline in South America (Bortolus & Schwindt, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reimagining South American coasts: unveiling the hidden invasion history of an iconic ecological engineer

Bortolus

Carlton

Schwindt

2015

Diversity and Distributions

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim The smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora is an iconic ecological engineer that has inspired some of the more insightful concepts and perspectives in modern theoretical ecology and environmental management, from population to community and ecosystem scales. Although it is currently considered native over more than 100 degrees of latitude along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, we challenge the default assumption that this cordgrass is native to South America, and propose an alternative hypothesis that it was introduced in the 18th or early 19th century by human activity.Location World-wide. Methods We applied nine criteria that have been proposed for the recognition of non-native species. These criteria consider the historical, biological, geographic, dispersal, ecological and evolutionary evidence that classically underpin the distinctions between native and non-native species. ResultsOur results strongly support the hypothesis that S. alterniflora is not native to South America. Herbarium collections, historical floristic descriptions and extensive literature reports clearly indicate that S. alterniflora was absent prior to the early 1800s in South America. S. alterniflora shows a reduced morphological, ecological and physiological variability along the South American coast and demonstrably increased in both regional extent and abundance over the 20th century. Main conclusionsWe conclude that what are now extensive S. alterniflora marshes in this region were probably bare mudflats and that there have been vast unrecorded and thus overlooked shifts in bird, fish and invertebrate biodiversity, and immense shifts in algal vs. detritus production, with the concomitant trophic cascades that these changes imply. Our results change the way we perceive "natural" coastal ecosystems on the Atlantic coast of South America as a whole. Indeed, most South American coastal marshes currently are what we term "ecological mirages"-illusions that have seriously hampered our ability to recognize the nature of pre-existing native ecosystems.

show abstract

Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina ×townsendii for British Columbia, Canada

Cited by 19 publications

References 82 publications

A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae)

A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae)

Phenotypic plasticity of invasive Spartina densiflora (Poaceae) along a broad latitudinal gradient on the Pacific Coast of North America

Reimagining South American coasts: unveiling the hidden invasion history of an iconic ecological engineer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About