Taxonomic revision of <i>Nodularia</i> (Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria)

Nordin, Rick; Stein, Janet R.

doi:10.1139/b80-151

Cited by 34 publications

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“…One genotype consists only of non-toxic strains (UP16a, UP16f and HKVV). With 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these strains were identical to the proposed type strain of N. spumigena, PCC 73104\1 (Rippka et al, 1979 ;Nordin & Stein, 1980), which is a soil isolate. All genetic markers separate it and other non-toxic strains from the toxic strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…The difference in these features is probably due to the different growth conditions. Previously, different growth conditions such as pH, temperature and salinity were reported to have no effect on dimensions of vegetative cells and heterocytes of Nodularia strains (Nordin & Stein, 1980). In contrast, all of the morphological traits of unicellular halotolerant cyanobacteria were reported to be dependent on growth conditions, especially salinity (Garcia-Pichel et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Characterization of Nodularia strains, cyanobacteria from brackish waters, by genotypic and phenotypic methods.

Lehtimäki¹,

Lyra²,

Suomalainen³

et al. 2000

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

116

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An investigation was undertaken of the genetic diversity of Nodularia strains from the Baltic Sea and from Australian waters, together with the proposed type strain of Nodularia spumigena. The Nodularia strains were characterized by using a polyphasic approach, including RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, Southern blotting of total DNA, repetitive extragenic palindromic-and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR, ribotyping and phenotypic tests. With genotypic methods, the Nodularia strains were grouped into two clusters. The genetic groupings were supported by one phenotypic property : the ability to produce nodularin. In contrast, the cell sizes of the strains were not different in the two genetic clusters. 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that all the Nodularia strains were closely related, despite their different origins. According to this study, two genotypes of Nodularia exist in the Baltic Sea. On the basis of the taxonomic definitions of Koma! rek et al. (Algol Stud 68, 1-25, 1993), the non-toxic type without gas vesicles fits the description of Nodularia sphaerocarpa, whereas the toxic type with gas vesicles resembles the species N. spumigena and Nodularia baltica.Keywords : Nodularia cyanobacterium, RFLP, 16S rDNA sequencing, REP-and ERIC-PCR, ribotyping INTRODUCTIONThe cyanobacterial genus Nodularia commonly form blooms in brackish waters such as the Baltic Sea in Europe (Sivonen et al., 1989a ;Kononen et al., 1993) and in coastal lagoons and brackish water lakes in Australia (Baker & Humpage, 1994 ;Jones et al., 1994). These blooms have caused numerous cases of animal poisoning (Francis, 1878 ;Nehring, 1993) due to a hepatotoxin called nodularin (Rinehart et al., 1988). It is a small, cyclic pentapeptide and has an LD &! of 50-70 µg kg −" when administered intra- peritoneally in mouse (Rinehart et al., 1988 ; Sivonen et al., 1989a). The toxicity of nodularin results from its ability to inhibit the serine\threonine-specific protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A (Ohta et al., 1994). Therefore, nodularin is a potent tumour promoter and a possible carcinogen (Ohta et al., 1994). Nodularin is produced continuously by some Nodularia strains (Lehtima$ ki et al., 1994(Lehtima$ ki et al., , 1997.Cyanobacteria have traditionally been classified on the basis of morphology. The analysis of 16S rRNA genes has revealed that morphological characters do not necessarily result in a phylogenetically reliable taxonomy (Giovannoni et al., 1988 ;Wilmotte, 1994). On the basis of morphological criteria, Walsby et al. (1995), Albertano et al. (1996), Hayes & Barker (1997) and Barker et al. (1999) found four different morphological types of Nodularia together in the Baltic Sea. One of them was not identified to the species level, whereas three were distinguished according to the criteria of Koma! rek et al. (1993) Koma! rek et al. (1993). The species were differentiated by ecology and morphology such as the presence of gas vesicles, the dimensions and shapes of vegetative cells, hetero...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Characterization of Nodularia strains, cyanobacteria from brackish waters, by genotypic and phenotypic methods.

Lehtimäki¹,

Lyra²,

Suomalainen³

et al. 2000

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

116

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“…Salinity variations also account for the higher observed heterogeneity of the benthic habitat. The occurrence of benthic Nodularia species in water pools above the water layer (Table 1; Nordin & Stein, 1980) results in exposure to high variations in salinity.…”

Section: Specific Features Of Genetic and Genomic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Komárek et al (1993) considered N. harveyana to be halotolerant and N. sphaerocarpa to be a freshwater species. Seven of the N. sphaerocarpa strains used in this study were isolated from the brackish water of the Baltic Sea (Table 1) and one strain (UTEX B 2093) was from a pond with salinity of 18 % (Nordin & Stein, 1980). The N. harveyana strains were isolated from highly similar habitats.…”

Section: Specific Features Of Genetic and Genomic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Benthic cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia are non-toxic, without gas vacuoles, able to glide and genetically more diverse than planktonic Nodularia

Lyra

Laamanen²,

Lehtimäki

et al. 2005

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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Diversity and ecological features of cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia from benthic, periphytic and soil habitats are less well known than those of Nodularia from planktonic habitats. Novel benthic Nodularia strains were isolated from the Baltic Sea and their morphology, the presence of gas vacuoles, nodularin production, gliding, 16S rRNA gene sequences, rpoB, rbcLX and ndaF genes, and gvpA-IGS regions were examined, as well as short tandemly repeated repetitive sequence fingerprints. Strains were identified as Nodularia spumigena, Nodularia sphaerocarpa or Nodularia harveyana on the basis of the size and shape of the different types of cells and the presence or absence of gas vacuoles. The planktonic strains of N. spumigena mostly had gas vacuoles and produced nodularin, whereas the benthic strains of N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana lacked gas vacuoles and did not produce nodularin (except for strain PCC 7804). The benthic strains were also able to glide on surfaces. In the genetic analyses, the planktonic N. spumigena and benthic N. sphaerocarpa formed monophyletic clusters, but the clusters were very closely related. Benthic strains determined as N. harveyana formed the most diverse and distant group of strains. In addition to phylogenetic analyses, the lack of the gvpA-IGS region and ndaF in N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana distinguished these species from the planktonic N. spumigena. Therefore, ndaF can be considered as a potential diagnostic tool for detecting and quantifying Baltic Sea bloom-forming, nodularin-producing N. spumigena strains. The data confirm that only one morphologically and genetically distinct planktonic species of Nodularia, N. spumigena, and at least two benthic species, N. sphaerocarpa and N. harveyana, exist in the Baltic Sea.

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“…Nodularia spumigena is characteristic of moderately saline waters (Nordin and Stein 1980) and is common in deep and shallow saline lakes as well as in brackish seas (Hutchinson 1967;Horstmann et al 1978).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrogen fixation in an oligotrophic, saline desert lake: Pyramid Lake, Nevada

Horne

Galat

1985

Limnology & Oceanography

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High rates of nitrogen fixation by a short-lived but dense unialgal bloom of the planktonic bluegreen Nodularia spumigena provided 99.5% of the alga's needs and 8 1% of Pyramid Lake's annual total combined nitrogen input in 1979. The bloom was spatially very heterogeneous. Bloom size, duration, and presumably N, fixation vary from year to year, but in 1979 about 900 t of nitrogen were fixed in 2 months in this large deep lake. The annual rate of Nz fixation was about 2 g m-2. In this year of low inflow the Truckee River provided 54 t of inorganic nitrogen and 83 t of organic nitrogen. Planktonic N, fixation has not been measured during high inflow years and may have been small relative to river input. Lakewide average heterocyst to vegetative cell (h : c) ratios followed seasonal trends in N, fixation, but synoptic samples showed only a weak relation between h : c and N, fixation. N2 fixation was induced by low epilimnetic levels of inorganic nitrogen and ended before lake overturn in the fall. High rates of N2 fixation were confined to the upper 5% of the epilimnetic volume and thus occurred only in calm weather when Nod&aria colonies floated to the lake surface. Access to freshly dissolved atmospheric CO, may account for the near-surface dependence, since the lake pH is normally about 9.2. We predict that Nodularia will not show the same degree of near-surface dependence in near-neutral lakes or in the ocean.

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Taxonomic revision of Nodularia (Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria)

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of Nodularia strains, cyanobacteria from brackish waters, by genotypic and phenotypic methods.

Characterization of Nodularia strains, cyanobacteria from brackish waters, by genotypic and phenotypic methods.

Benthic cyanobacteria of the genus Nodularia are non-toxic, without gas vacuoles, able to glide and genetically more diverse than planktonic Nodularia

Nitrogen fixation in an oligotrophic, saline desert lake: Pyramid Lake, Nevada

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