Taxonomic and geographic differentiation ofPinus mugocomplex on the needle characteristics

Abstract

The phenotypic differentiation of Pinus mugo complex was verified using 31 populations of P. mugo sensu stricto, 11 of P. uncinata, five of P. uliginosa, one of the potential hybrids P. uliginosa £ P. mugo and three of P. sylvestris, the latter as a control. The 22 morphological and anatomical needle characteristics were measured and statistically examined to describe the taxa and the population within the taxa differentiation. All the taxa of the P. mugo complex differed significantly from P. sylvestris in most of the verified needle characteristics. Within P. mugo complex, populations of P. uncinata were clearly distinguished from P. mugo s. s. The population of potential hybrid origin was the most similar to P. uliginosa. Populations of the latter taxon were strongly differentiated; some of them were closer to P. uncinata, and others to P. mugo s. s. Within the whole sampled data, three geographic groups of populations were detected: the first included P. uncinata and two of P. uliginosa, the second contained East and South Carpathian P. mugo s. s. with the presumed hybrid population, and the third contained all the other populations of P. mugo s. s. and P. uliginosa. Within P. mugo s. s., the Sudetan populations formed a separate group. Pinus uncinata from the Pyrenees reflected a high level of differentiation. The marginal populations of this taxon (Cebollera, G udar, Massif Central) also differed from those in the Pyrenees. The phenotypic differentiation of taxa and populations appeared similar to that which was detected based on cpDNA markers.

Hybridization in contact zone between temperate European pine species

“…For instance, many anatomical traits of needles show overlapping frequency distributions among taxa (Boratyńska et al 2015). In our study, we used polymorphisms at nuclear genes and a cpDNA marker to identify interspecific admixture.…”

Les Pins de montagne (Pinus uncinata Ram, P. mughus Scop., et consorts) du Jura aux Préalpes orientales en passant par la Lorraine et la Bohême

“…Probablement cependant doit-on compléter la distinction de plusieurs taxons au sein du Pin mugo vu l'étendue de sa distribution géo-graphique jusqu'aux Carpates, Alpes de Transylvanie, Rhodopes et Abruzzes. Ainsi, par exemple, semblent se singulariser les populations balkaniques de Pinus mughus, tant sur la base de marqueurs génétiques (in Heuertz et al, 2010) que d'après les caractéristiques des aiguilles (Boratyńska et al, 2015). ** * Randonner aux pays des Pins de montagne européens, au-delà de la découverte de paysages fabuleux, suppose pour qui s'intéresse aux conifères de souvent débroussailler un maquis nomenclatural particulièrement touffu.…”

Comparison of range-wide chloroplast microsatellite and needle trait variation patterns in Pinus mugo Turra (dwarf mountain pine)

“…Data from needle measurements were assessed for symmetry, unimodality and homoscedasticity and standardised prior to subsequent analyses as described by Boratynska et al (2015). We used STATISTICA ® software ver.…”

“…S1 in Supplementary material). For 18 stands (615 trees), the morphological data were extracted and reanalysed from Boratynska et al (2015). Morphological data were unavailable for 3 locations in the Alps (A4, Austria; A5, Italy; and A7, Slovenia).…”

“…In contrast, the morphological differentiation of P. mugo has been widely studied. Eastern populations of P. mugo have been shown to differ from other populations with regard to needle trait variation (Boratynska & Pashkevich 2001, Boratynska et al 2004, 2015.…”