Taxonomic and functional profiling of Indian smokeless tobacco bacteriome uncovers several bacterial-derived risks to human health

Vishwakarma, Akanksha; Srivastava, Ankita; Mishra, SukhDev; Verma, Digvijay

doi:10.1007/s11274-022-03461-8

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The aging of tobacco leaves also leads to spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the microbiome present in tobacco leaves (Zhou et al 2021 ; Zhou et al 2020 ). Several studies, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, identified microbial populations associated with STPs (commercial or loosely packed) practiced in India (Monika et al 2020 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Sajid et al 2023 ; Sajid et al 2022 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ). However, no previous attempts were made to identify the microbial population and genes contributing to the functional potential of the Indian STP-associated microbiome using whole genome sequencing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies conducted on STPs have largely employed culture-based methods that may have skewed data results and inaccurately depicted community diversity estimates (Saleem et al 2018 ; Shetty and Hegde 2015 ). Recent studies using next-generation sequencing techniques identified actual microbial community composition (bacterial as well as fungal) in different categories of STPs (Chopyk et al 2017 ; Rivera and Tyx 2021 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Sajid et al 2023 ; Sajid et al 2022 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ). Several studies applying 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing determined the bacterial population in numerous Indian STPs (Monika et al 2020 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies using next-generation sequencing techniques identified actual microbial community composition (bacterial as well as fungal) in different categories of STPs (Chopyk et al 2017 ; Rivera and Tyx 2021 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Sajid et al 2023 ; Sajid et al 2022 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ). Several studies applying 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing determined the bacterial population in numerous Indian STPs (Monika et al 2020 ; Sajid et al 2021 ; Srivastava et al 2022 ; Vishwakarma et al 2022 ). Further, the fungal population was identified in the commercial as well as indigenous (loosely sold) Indian STPs using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene analysis (Sajid et al 2023 ; Sajid et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial community and functions involved in smokeless tobacco product: a metagenomic approach

Sajid,

Sharma,

Srivastava

et al. 2024

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Smokeless tobacco products (STPs) are attributed to oral cancer and oral pathologies in their users. STP-associated cancer induction is driven by carcinogenic compounds including tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). The TSNAs synthesis could enhanced due to the metabolic activity (nitrate metabolism) of the microbial populations residing in STPs, but identifying microbial functions linked to the TSNAs synthesis remains unexplored. Here, we rendered the first report of shotgun metagenomic sequencing to comprehensively determine the genes of all microorganisms residing in the Indian STPs belonging to two commercial (Moist-snuff and Qiwam) and three loose (Mainpuri Kapoori, Dohra, and Gudakhu) STPs, specifically consumed in India. Further, the level of nicotine, TSNAs, mycotoxins, and toxic metals were determined to relate their presence with microbial activity. The microbial population majorly belongs to bacteria with three dominant phyla including Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Furthermore, the STP-linked microbiome displayed several functional genes associated with nitrogen metabolism and antibiotic resistance. The chemical analysis revealed that the Mainpuri Kapoori product contained a high concentration of ochratoxins-A whereas TSNAs and Zink (Zn) quantities were high in the Moist-snuff, Mainpuri Kapoori, and Gudakhu products. Hence, our observations will help in attributing the functional potential of STP-associated microbiome and in the implementation of cessation strategies against STPs. Key points •Smokeless tobacco contains microbes that can assist TSNA synthesis. •Antibiotic resistance genes present in smokeless tobacco-associated bacteria. •Pathogens in STPs can cause infections in smokeless tobacco users.

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