Tax Protest at Laiyang, Shandong, 1910

Prazniak, Roxann

doi:10.1177/009770048000600102

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…61 The devolution of fiscal authority that occurred after the Taiping Rebellion (and was formalized in local government reforms of the 1900s) left most tax revenues to provincial and county-level authorities. 62 Private 59 These "New Policies" (xinzheng) were enacted locally by the existing elite, often with substantial conflict (Prazniak, 1980). 60 An influential proposal for education reform -Zhang Zhidong's Exhortation to Study (1898) -called for a national three-tiered system of modernized schools located in provincial, prefecture, and county capitals, along with a network of basic primary schools in towns and villages.…”

Section: Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Big BRICs, Weak Foundations: The Beginning of Public Elementary Education in Brazil, Russia, India, and China

Nafziger¹,

Chaudhary²,

Musacchio³

et al. 2012

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Our paper provides a comparative perspective on the development of public primary education in four of the largest developing economies circa 1910: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC). These four countries encompassed more than 50 percent of the world's population in 1910, but remarkably few of their citizens attended any school by the early 20th century. We present new, comparable data on school inputs and outputs for BRIC drawn from contemporary surveys and government documents. Recent studies emphasize the importance of political decentralization, and relatively broad political voice for the early spread of public primary education in developed economies. We identify the former and the lack of the latter to be important in the context of BRIC, but we also outline how other factors such as factor endowments, colonialism, serfdom, and, especially, the characteristics of the political and economic elite help explain the low achievement levels of these four countries and the incredible amount of heterogeneity within each of them.

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Section: Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Big BRICs, Weak Foundations: The Beginning of Public Elementary Education in Brazil, Russia, India, and China

Nafziger¹,

Chaudhary²,

Musacchio³

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the late Qing and Republican periods, this official practice gave way to the illegal baoshou (tax farming) business in many localities, as the state's tax demand increased while its collecting machine remained too inefficient to generate enough tax income. Taxpayers suffered even more from extra collections and manipulation of the copper-to-silver conversion rate by the predatory tax farmers than under the official system (Wang Yuanbi, 1935;Jiang Shijie, 1944: 60-66;Prazniak, 1980;Chen Zhenhan, 1989: 281-83).…”

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confidence: 99%