“…One of the freedoms implemented as an essential element of the EU is the free movement of persons, which according to migration theorists’ push and pull theory (Ravenstein, 1885) causes emigration from developing countries – typically the eight member states that joined the EU in 2004 – to developed countries, which in this case means the old 15 EU member states (Windzio, Teney, & Lenkewitz, 2021; Bachmann, Bechara, & Vonnahme, 2020; Tomaskova & Kuhnova, 2016; Niti, 2018). The factors facilitating the outflow of the qualified workforce are primarily wages, higher living standards, differences in working conditions and career prospects (Paun, 2019; Bajzíková-Bajzík, 2020; Kahanec & Zimmermann, 2016; Godany, Machova, Mura, & Zsigmond, 2021). Labor mobility also significantly contributes to the decrease in natural population growth since it is the youngest age groups that leave the V4 countries, which has a proven impact on birth rates in the sending countries (Astrov, 2019).…”