Taurine in the central nervous system and the mammalian actions of taurine

Huxtable, Ryan J.

doi:10.1016/0301-0082(89)90019-1

Cited by 517 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 523 publications

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“…The presence of Tau in neurons and glia has been shown in multiple areas of the brain (Palkovits et al, 1986;Huxtable, 1989). In striatum, Tau located in GABA projection neurons has been suggested (Palkovits et al, 1986;Della Corte et al, 1990;Smith and Bolam, 1990).…”

Section: Glu-gaba Interactionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Endogenous Glutamate Increases Extracellular Concentrations of Dopamine, GABA, and Taurine Through NMDA and AMPA/Kainate Receptors in Striatum of the Freely Moving Rat: A Microdialysis Study

Segovia

Arco

Mora

1997

Journal of Neurochemistry

117

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Abstract:Interactions between glutamate (Glu), dopamine (DA), GABA, and taurine (Tau) were investigated in striatum of the freely moving rat by using microdialysis. Intrastriatal infusions of the selective Glu uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) were used to increase the endogenous extracellular [Glu] [Tau]. PDC also decreased extracellular concentrations of DA metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA). Perfusion with the NMDA-receptor antagonist 3-[(R)-2 -carboxypiperazin-4 -yl] -propyl-1 -phosphonic acid (1 mM) or the AMPA/kainate-receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) (1 mM) attenuated the increases produced by PDG (4 mM) on [DA], [GABA],and [Tau], and decreases in [DOPAC] and [HVA]. DNQX also attenuated the increases in [Glu] induced by PDG. These data show that endogenous Glu plays a role in modulating the extracellularconcentrations of DA, GABA, and Tau in striatum of the freely moving rat. Key Words: Glutamate-Dopamine-GABA-Taurine-Striatum -Microdialysis-L-trans-Pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid.

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Section: Glu-gaba Interactionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Endogenous Glutamate Increases Extracellular Concentrations of Dopamine, GABA, and Taurine Through NMDA and AMPA/Kainate Receptors in Striatum of the Freely Moving Rat: A Microdialysis Study

Segovia

Arco

Mora

1997

Journal of Neurochemistry

117

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“…Normal Plasma Taurine Levels-Taurine is ubiquitously distributed in the body and is present at a high concentration in animal tissues (27,28), and taurine-deficient diets cause significant reduction of tissue taurine levels (69), suggesting that uptake of taurine from the gut is quantitatively more important than synthesis from taurine precursors. In agreement with this notion and with the wide distribution of TAUT (Fig.…”

Section: Gat2 Is the Major Taurine Transporter In Hepatocytes Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GAT2 May Function as a Brain-to-Blood Efflux System for Taurine-Most of the taurine in the brain is believed to have been acquired by means of uptake from blood plasma rather than having been synthesized locally (27). The brain has also been reported to be able to release taurine (and GABA) to the blood via a sodium-dependent transport system that is sensitive to inhibition by taurine, ␤-alanine, and GABA (31,35,37).…”

Section: Gat2 Is the Major Taurine Transporter In Hepatocytes Atmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deletion of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 2 (GAT2 and SLC6A13) Gene in Mice Leads to Changes in Liver and Brain Taurine Contents

Zhou

Holmseth

Guo

et al. 2012

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background:The physiological roles of GABA transporter 2 (GAT2) are unknown. Results: Deletion of the GAT2 gene reduced liver taurine levels but increased brain levels. Conclusion: GAT2 is unimportant for inactivation of neurotransmitter GABA. Instead, GAT2 is a major taurine transporter in hepatocytes and an efflux transporter at the blood-brain barrier. Significance: GAT2 knockout mice will be crucial for uncovering the roles of GAT2.

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“…1). The latter enzyme has, however, not been purified to homogeneity and remains uncharacterized (1)(2)(3). In fact, it has been suggested that oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine might occur via a nonenzymatic reaction in cells (4 -6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Taurine Biosynthesis by Neurons and Astrocytes

Vitvitsky

Garg

Banerjee

2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

102

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The physiological roles of taurine, a product of cysteine degradation and one of the most abundant amino acids in the body, remain elusive. Taurine deficiency leads to heart dysfunction, brain development abnormalities, retinal degradation, and other pathologies. The taurine synthetic pathway is proposed to be incomplete in astrocytes and neurons, and metabolic cooperation between these cell types is reportedly needed to complete the pathway. In this study, we analyzed taurine synthesis capability as reported by incorporation of radioactivity from [ 35 S]cysteine into taurine, in primary murine astrocytes and neurons, and in several transformed cell lines (human (SH-SY5Y) and murine (N1E-115) neuroblastoma, human astrocytoma (U-87MG and 1321 N1), and rat glioma (C6)). Extensive incorporation of radioactivity from [35 S]cysteine into taurine was observed in rat glioma cells as well as in primary mouse astrocytes and neurons, establishing the presence of an intact taurine synthesis pathway in these cells. Interestingly, exposure of cells to cysteine or cysteamine resulted in elevated intracellular hypotaurine without a corresponding increase in taurine levels, suggesting that oxidation of hypotaurine limits taurine synthesis in cells. Consistent with its role as an organic osmolyte, taurine synthesis was stimulated under hypertonic conditions in neurons.Taurine, or ethanesulfonic acid, is one of the most abundant amino acids in the body whose physiological role remains elusive. Its biosynthesis involves the sequential oxidation of cysteine to cysteinesulfinic acid, catalyzed by cysteine dioxygenase, decarboxylation by cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase, and oxidation of the resulting hypotaurine to taurine by a putative hypotaurine dehydrogenase (Fig. 1). The latter enzyme has, however, not been purified to homogeneity and remains uncharacterized (1-3). In fact, it has been suggested that oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine might occur via a nonenzymatic reaction in cells (4 -6). Hypotaurine can also be produced via oxidation of cysteamine, the end product of coenzyme A degradation (Fig. 1). Cysteamine oxidation is catalyzed by 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase, which is widely expressed in mammalian tissues (7).Although it is generally believed that taurine cannot be further metabolized and is excreted by the kidney or as a bile component, there are several older reports in the literature on the conversion of taurine to isethionic acid in mammalian tissues (8 -11). Various roles have been ascribed to taurine, including regulation of osmotic pressure (12-14), neuromodulatory (3, 15) and immunomodulatory (16) factors, and as an antioxidant for detoxifying hypochlorous acid, forming taurine chloramine (12). Taurine deficiency is associated with heart dysfunction, brain development abnormalities, retinal degradation, and other pathologies (3, 17). Taurine is actively transported into cells by a specific Na ϩ -dependent transporter (TAUT) and accumulates to high concentrations particularly in the liver, muscle, and retina. ...

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Taurine in the central nervous system and the mammalian actions of taurine

Cited by 517 publications

References 523 publications

Endogenous Glutamate Increases Extracellular Concentrations of Dopamine, GABA, and Taurine Through NMDA and AMPA/Kainate Receptors in Striatum of the Freely Moving Rat: A Microdialysis Study

Endogenous Glutamate Increases Extracellular Concentrations of Dopamine, GABA, and Taurine Through NMDA and AMPA/Kainate Receptors in Striatum of the Freely Moving Rat: A Microdialysis Study

Deletion of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 2 (GAT2 and SLC6A13) Gene in Mice Leads to Changes in Liver and Brain Taurine Contents

Taurine Biosynthesis by Neurons and Astrocytes

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