Taurine and the Oxidative Metabolism of Cysteine

Huxtable, Ryan J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9438-0_4

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…However, cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase has been demonstrated recently to be localized exclusively in astrocytes (Tappaz et al, 1994). The next metabolic step of taurine synthesis, the oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine, is catalyzed by hypotaurine dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.3), an enzyme present in brain (Fellmann and Roth, 1985;Huxtable, 1986). This enzyme might be responsible for the generation of taurine in astroglial cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of '3C-enriched lactate in astroglial cell extracts and incubation media demonstrates clearly that not only is cysteine used to synthesize hypotaurine and taurine, but its intermediate cysteine sulfinic acid serves as substrate for transamination and concomitant loss of SO 2 to yield pyruvate, which is subsequently reduced to lactate. The transamination of cysteine sulfinic acid to 3-sulfinopyruvate is catalyzed most likely by aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) in a reaction well known from liver metabolism (Huxtable, 1986). Alternatively, cysteine could be transaminated directly by aspartate transaminase, and the resulting 3-mercaptopyruvate could be converted to pyruvate in an S°t ransfer reaction (Cooper, 1983).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolism of Cysteine in Astroglial Cells: Synthesis of Hypotaurine and Taurine

Brand¹,

Leibfritz²,

Hamprecht³

et al. 1998

Journal of Neurochemistry

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Abstract:The synthesis of hypotaurine and taurine was investigated in astroglia-rich primary cultures obtained from brains of neonatal Wistar rats using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Cell extracts of astroglial cultures analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy show prominent signals of hypotaurine. To identify cysteine as precursor for hypotaurine and taurine synthesis in astroglial cells, primary cultures were incubated with [3-13C]cysteinefor 24 or 72 h. Cell extracts and incubation media were then analyzed with 13C NMR spectroscopy. Labeled hypotaurine, taurine, glutathione, and lactate were identified in the cell extracts. Within 72 h, 35.0% of the total intracellular hypotaurine and 22.5% of taurine were newly synthesized from [3-13C] cysteine. The presence of [1-13C]hypotaurine and [1-13C]taurine in the incubation medium proves the release of those products of cysteine metabolism into the medium. Minor amounts of the [3-13C]cysteine were used for the synthesis of glutathione in astroglial cells or metabolized to [3-13C]-lactate, which was found in cell extracts and media. These results indicate that the formation of hypotaurine and taurine is a major pathway of cysteine metabolism in astroglial cells.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Cysteine in Astroglial Cells: Synthesis of Hypotaurine and Taurine

Brand¹,

Leibfritz²,

Hamprecht³

et al. 1998

Journal of Neurochemistry

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“…Taurine has a sulhric acid residue instead of a carboxylic acid residue in its molecule, which differs from other common amino acids. Many physiological effects, such as stabilizing cell membranes (Wright et al, 1986), and preventing peroxidation of membrane lipids (Huxtable, 1986) have been reported.…”

Section: Aniirro Acids Peptides Proteins and E~ttymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

By-Products and Seafood Production in Japan

Ohshima¹

1996

Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology

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“…The sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine serve as precursors. In two major synthesis pathways, cysteine is either first oxidized by cysteine dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.20) to 3-sulfinoalanine (cysteinesulfinate), which is then decarboxylated by sulfino decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.29, also known as cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase) to yield hypotaurine (Huxtable, 1986), or transformed by a more devious route via coenzyme A to pantetheine and then to cysteamine, which is converted to hypotaurine by means of cysteamine dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.19) (Coloso et al, 2006). The preferred route is probably cysteine decarboxylation.…”

Section: Biosynthesis and Catabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

2008

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Additionally, the whole set will be available upon completion under The electronic version of the whole set will be available under The print and electronic bundle of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978-0-387-35478-1 ß 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.comPrinted on acid-free paper SPIN: 11416593 2109 -5 4 3 2 1 0 PrefaceThe brain is the organ that collects information from the environment, processes and stores the information, and generates behavior as and when needed. In essence, the brain makes us who we are. For this reason, understanding the biology of brain function is a great challenge and a major goal of modern science. The brain is one of the last great frontiers in science, and the unraveling of its mysteries is comparable in complexity to efforts in space exploration. Therefore, it was not a surprise that the U.S. Congress proclaimed the 1990s the ''Decade of the Brain,'' a movement also introduced by several other countries, thereby giving a chance for neuroscientists to focus on this topic and to have better conditions for their research.A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how neurons generate behavior and the pathophysiology of different mental and neurological diseases. This requires, among other things, information about where these neurons are located, how they are connected, and how they communicate with each other in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.At the end of the nineteenth century, the great neuroanatomist Santiago Ramon y Cajal recognized that neurons are the individual signaling elements of the brain. In this book, we focus on these nerve cells of the brain and the chemical molecules that allow them to talk to each other. The discovery of intercellular communication through endogenous molecules is a milestone in the history of science. It makes the brain a unique organ.Our aim is to describe recent discoveries about the basic operations of the brain and to provide an introduction to the adaptations for specific types of information processing. For example, at a chemical synapse, the presynaptic terminal liberates a transmitter substance that acts on the postsynaptic process. Thus, a synapse converts a presynaptic electrical signal into a chemical signal and back into a postsynaptic electrical signal.Cur...

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Taurine and the Oxidative Metabolism of Cysteine

Cited by 12 publications

References 235 publications

Metabolism of Cysteine in Astroglial Cells: Synthesis of Hypotaurine and Taurine

Metabolism of Cysteine in Astroglial Cells: Synthesis of Hypotaurine and Taurine

By-Products and Seafood Production in Japan

Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

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