Taurine: An Osmolyte in Mammalian Tissues

Pasantes‐Morales, Herminia; Quesada, O.; Morán, Julio

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0117-0_27

Cited by 76 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Studies in cultured cortical astrocytes [25] as well as in vivo perfusion studies [32] suggest that taurine is released from astrocytes during regulatory volume decrease. By this means, taurine release by astrocytes into the extracellular fluid may represent an osmoregulatory mechanism whereby the brain attempts to compensate for cell swelling in ALF [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased brain glutamine in animal models [2], [12], [17], [20], [25], [26], [31] and [25] as well as autopsied brain tissue from patients [28] with ALF have long been suggested to be a major factor determining brain edema and encephalopathy in this condition. However, an accumulating body of evidence suggests that other factors such as hyperemia and/or increased brain lactate production are also involved [6], [7], [15], [16] and [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia

et al. 2004

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Zwingmann, C. et al., 2004. Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia. Brain Research, 999(1), ABSTRACTThe principal cause of mortality in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) is brain herniation resulting from intracranial hypertension caused by a progressive increase of brain water. In the present study, ex vivo highresolution 1 H-NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the effects of ALF, with or without superimposed hypothermia, on brain organic osmolyte concentrations in relation to the severity of encephalopathy and brain edema in rats with ALF due to hepatic devascularization. In normothermic ALF rats, glutamine concentrations in frontal cortex increased more than fourfold at precoma stages, i.e. prior to the onset of severe encephalopathy, but showed no further increase at coma stages. In parallel with glutamine accumulation, the brain organic osmolytes myo-inositol and taurine were significantly decreased in frontal cortex to 63% and 67% of control values, respectively, at precoma stages (p<0.01), and to 58% and 67%, respectively, at coma stages of encephalopathy (p<0.01). Hypothermia, which prevented brain edema and encephalopathy in ALF rats, significantly attenuated the depletion of myo-inositol and taurine. Brain glutamine concentrations, on the other hand, did not respond to hypothermia. These findings demonstrate that experimental ALF results in selective changes in brain organic osmolytes as a function of the degree of encephalopathy which are associated with brain edema, and provides a further rationale for the continued use of hypothermia in the management of this condition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia

et al. 2004

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“…This indicates that the great majority of the taurine and Cl Ϫ efflux are mediated by separate channels and that the taurine channel is different from VRAC. Further support for this view is that: 1) swelling-induced taurine release in the absence of Cl Ϫ channel activity has been demonstrated in Xenopus oocytes (947) and in mammary tissue explants (924); 2) the taurine and anion efflux pathways differ with respect to their time course of activity following hypotonic exposure (672,773,961), 3) the two pathways have different sensitivity towards DIDS and arachidonic acid (192,499,672) (for EAT cells see Table 6), and 4) regulation by RhoA (786). It is noted that, in fact, the taurine leak pathway accounts for 5% of the total g Cl in EAT cells (50% reduction in osmolarity; Ref.…”

Section: Molecular Identity Of the Taurine Efflux Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 96%

Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation in Vertebrates

Hoffmann

Lambert²,

Pedersen³

2009

Physiological Reviews

1,282

1,677

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The ability to control cell volume is pivotal for cell function. Cell volume perturbation elicits a wide array of signaling events, leading to protective (e.g., cytoskeletal rearrangement) and adaptive (e.g., altered expression of osmolyte transporters and heat shock proteins) measures and, in most cases, activation of volume regulatory osmolyte transport. After acute swelling, cell volume is regulated by the process of regulatory volume decrease (RVD), which involves the activation of KCl cotransport and of channels mediating K+, Cl−, and taurine efflux. Conversely, after acute shrinkage, cell volume is regulated by the process of regulatory volume increase (RVI), which is mediated primarily by Na+/H+exchange, Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransport, and Na+channels. Here, we review in detail the current knowledge regarding the molecular identity of these transport pathways and their regulation by, e.g., membrane deformation, ionic strength, Ca2+, protein kinases and phosphatases, cytoskeletal elements, GTP binding proteins, lipid mediators, and reactive oxygen species, upon changes in cell volume. We also discuss the nature of the upstream elements in volume sensing in vertebrate organisms. Importantly, cell volume impacts on a wide array of physiological processes, including transepithelial transport; cell migration, proliferation, and death; and changes in cell volume function as specific signals regulating these processes. A discussion of this issue concludes the review.

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“…This adaptive mechanism, which has been highly preserved during evolution, essentially consists of the redistribution of osmotically active solutes in the necessary direction to equilibrate water fluxes facing the new osmotic condition (Lang, 2007;see Hoffmann et al, 2009 for a comprehensive review of cell volume regulation). Osmolytes that accomplish cell volume regulation are the ions present in high concentrations in the intracellular or extracellular compartments-such as Na 1 , K 1 and Cl --and a group of heterogeneous organic molecules, such as amino acids, polyamines, and polyalcohols (Verbalis and Gullans, 1991;Pasantes-Morales et al, 1998;Burg and Ferraris, 2008). Volume-regulated channels and cotransporters translocate ion osmolytes, and cotransporters and pores, as yet fully identified, mobilize organic osmolytes; channels participate predominantly in the volume-regulatory process activated by cell swelling, whereas cotransporters play a more important role in the cell response to shrinkage (Kahle et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Channels and Volume Changes in the Life and Death of the Cell

Pasantes‐Morales

2016

Mol Pharmacol

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Volume changes deviating from original cell volume represent a major challenge for cellular homeostasis. Cell volume may be altered either by variations in the external osmolarity or by disturbances in the transmembrane ion gradients that generate an osmotic imbalance. Cells respond to anisotonicity-induced volume changes by active regulatory mechanisms that modify the intracellular/extracellular concentrations of K 1 , Cl -, Na 1 , and organic osmolytes in the direction necessary to reestablish the osmotic equilibrium. Corrective osmolyte fluxes permeate across channels that have a relevant role in cell volume regulation. Channels also participate as causal actors in necrotic swelling and apoptotic volume decrease. This is an overview of the types of channels involved in either corrective or pathologic changes in cell volume. The review also underlines the contribution of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, notably TRPV4, in volume regulation after swelling and describes the role of other TRPs in volume changes linked to apoptosis and necrosis. Lastly we discuss findings showing that multimers derived from LRRC8A (leucine-rich repeat containing 8A) gene are structural components of the volume-regulated Cl -channel (VRAC), and we underline the intriguing possibility that different heteromer combinations comprise channels with different intrinsic properties that allow permeation of the heterogenous group of molecules acting as organic osmolytes.

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Taurine: An Osmolyte in Mammalian Tissues

Cited by 76 publications

References 28 publications

Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia

Selective alterations of brain osmolytes in acute liver failure: protective effect of mild hypothermia

Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation in Vertebrates

Channels and Volume Changes in the Life and Death of the Cell

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