Tau Protein Detection in Anosmic Alzheimer’s Disease Patient’s Nasal Secretions

Passàli, Giulio Cesare; Politi, Luca; Crisanti, Anna; Loglisci, Michele; Anzivino, Roberta; Passàli, Desiderio

doi:10.1007/s12078-015-9198-3

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Deficits in olfactory performance denote fundamental neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic abnormalities that are specific to the peripheral olfactory system [8, 35], olfactory bulb and/or primary olfactory cortices [36]. Olfactory dysfunction is correlated with the global level of AD pathology on postmortem examination [1], biopsy of the olfactory epithelium indicates the presence of AD pathology (e.g., amyloid-β, tau) in pathologically verified AD patients [37], and the presence of tau protein has been reported in nasal secretions of AD individuals with olfactory deficits [38]. Finally, poorer olfactory ability is associated with structural brain changes in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, two regions prominently affected in early stages of AD [39–41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odor Identification Screening Improves Diagnostic Classification in Incipient Alzheimer’s Disease

Quarmley

Moberg

Mechanic‐Hamilton

et al. 2016

JAD

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Background Measurements of olfaction may serve as useful biomarkers of incipient dementia. Here we examine the improvement in diagnostic accuracy of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) when assessing both cognitive functioning and odor identification. Objective To determine the utility of odor identification as a supplementary screening test in incipient AD. Methods Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Identification Test (SS-OIT) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered in 262 AD, 174 MCI [150 amnestic (aMCI), and 24 non-amnestic (naMCI)], and 292 healthy older adults (HOA). Results Odor identification scores were higher in HOA relative to MCI or AD groups, and MCI outperformed AD. Odor identification scores were higher in aMCI single domain than aMCI multiple domain. Complementing MoCA scores with the SS-OIT significantly improved diagnostic accuracy of individuals with AD and MCI, including within MCI subgroups. Discussion Odor identification is a useful supplementary screening tool that provides additional information relevant for clinical categorization of AD and MCI, including those who are at highest risk to convert to AD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odor Identification Screening Improves Diagnostic Classification in Incipient Alzheimer’s Disease

Quarmley

Moberg

Mechanic‐Hamilton

et al. 2016

JAD

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“…8–10 Most importantly, olfactory dysfunction is correlated with AD pathology on postmortem examination, 11 biopsies of the olfactory epithelium note the presence of AD pathology (eg, Aβ) in AD patients 12 and the presence of tau protein is measurable in nasal secretions of AD individuals. 13 On a practical note, olfactory screening is routine in otorhinolaryngology, 1415 reliable, 16 and quick and easy to administer 1718 making it ideal for clinical screening in dementia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A quantitative meta-analysis of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment

Roalf

M²,

Turetsky³

et al. 2016

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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Background The connection between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and olfactory deficits is well documented and further, alterations in olfactory functioning may signal declines in functions associated with dementia. The aim of the present comprehensive meta-analysis was to investigate the nature of olfactory deficits in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Articles were identified through computerised literature search from inception to 30 June 2016 using PubMed, MEDLINE and PsychInfo databases. In order to control for differences in sample size during effect size computation, studies were weighted according to their inverse variance estimates. Results 31 articles (62 effects) were identified, which included 1993 MCI patients and 2861 healthy older adults (HOA). Included studies contrasted odour identification, discrimination, detection threshold and/or memory between cases and controls. Moderate to large and heterogeneous effects were seen for olfactory deficits in MCI relative to HOA (d=−0.76, 95% CI −0.87<δ<−0.64). Moderator analysis revealed that tests of odour identification yielded larger effect sizes than those of odour detection threshold or memory. In addition, a potential interaction between age and sex was observed, with male patients carrying a larger burden of olfactory deficit and older female patients performing better on olfactory tests. Conclusions and relevance Olfactory deficits are present and robust in MCI. Odour identification is most impaired in MCI, which parallels the most prominent sensory deficit seen in AD. As such, a simple-to-administer test of odour identification warrants inclusion in the screening of individuals at risk for developing AD.

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“…In AD, neurofibrillary tangles have been isolated from various locations throughout the olfactory system. Studies have discovered neurofibrillary tangles in the noses of AD patients; similarly, researchers have observed increased concentrations of t-tau and p-tau in nasal secretions [85][86][87] . A study conducted in 1987 discovered neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuropil threads in the olfactory bulbs of AD patients 86 .…”

Section: Olfactory Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, Aβ plaques were solely situated in the anterior olfactory nucleus. The most recent study established that tau protein concentrations can be detected in the nasal secretions of AD patients 87 . Although this study was preliminary in nature, the capacity to identify tau isoforms within this abundant and readily accessible fluid permits the possibility of monitoring and diagnosing at-risk patients more efficiently and effectively.…”

Section: Olfactory Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aβ40 is present in the primary aqueous humor of AD patients 77 Olfactory Aβ Histopathology Few neuritic plaques are present in the anterior olfactory nucleus; thus these plaques do not correlate with NFTs 85,86 Tau Histopathology NFT/neuropil threads are present in the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory bulb (except the outer layer) 86 Commercial olfactory test t-Tau and p-tau are present in AD patient nasal secretions 87 Aβ amyloid-β, t-tau total tau, p-tau phosphorylated tau, NFTs neurofibrillary tangles, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, addition to these detriments, imaging biomarkers can only be utilized to confirm AD diagnosis once symptoms are present. Successful early diagnosis entails the ability to detect AD in asymptomatic patients.…”

Section: Seldi-ms Protein Array Chipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease utilizing amyloid and tau as fluid biomarkers

et al. 2019

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Current technological advancements in clinical and research settings have permitted a more intensive and comprehensive understanding of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This development in knowledge regarding AD pathogenesis has been implemented to produce disease-modifying drugs. The potential for accessible and effective therapeutic methods has generated a need for detecting this neurodegenerative disorder during early stages of progression because such remedial effects are more profound when implemented during the initial, prolonged prodromal stages of pathogenesis. The aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau isoforms are characteristic of AD; thus, they are considered core candidate biomarkers. However, research attempting to establish the reliability of Aβ and tau as biomarkers has culminated in an amalgamation of contradictory results and theories regarding the biomarker concentrations necessary for an accurate diagnosis. In this review, we consider the capabilities and limitations of fluid biomarkers collected from cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and oral, ocular, and olfactory secretions as diagnostic tools for AD, along with the impact of the integration of these biomarkers in clinical settings. Furthermore, the evolution of diagnostic criteria and novel research findings are discussed. This review is a summary and reflection of the ongoing concerted efforts to establish fluid biomarkers as a diagnostic tool and implement them in diagnostic procedures.

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Tau Protein Detection in Anosmic Alzheimer’s Disease Patient’s Nasal Secretions

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Odor Identification Screening Improves Diagnostic Classification in Incipient Alzheimer’s Disease

Odor Identification Screening Improves Diagnostic Classification in Incipient Alzheimer’s Disease

A quantitative meta-analysis of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease utilizing amyloid and tau as fluid biomarkers

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