“…18,21 The use of g-PGA for bone and nervous system regeneration has already been reported. 20,26 However, g-PGA potential for cartilage regeneration is far from being explored. Chang et al developed g-PGA-graft-chondroitin sulfate-blend-poly(e-caprolactone) scaffolds that were shown to support rat articular chondrocyte culture for 4 weeks.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[22][23][24][25] For nerve tissue regeneration, g-PGA scaffolds were shown to favor the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into neuronlineage cells. 26 Moreover, the fact that L-glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system underlines the interest in g-PGA use in this field. [27][28][29] In cartilage, glutamate signaling was shown to tune rat and human chondrocyte behavior and enhance matrix production.…”
“…18,21 The use of g-PGA for bone and nervous system regeneration has already been reported. 20,26 However, g-PGA potential for cartilage regeneration is far from being explored. Chang et al developed g-PGA-graft-chondroitin sulfate-blend-poly(e-caprolactone) scaffolds that were shown to support rat articular chondrocyte culture for 4 weeks.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[22][23][24][25] For nerve tissue regeneration, g-PGA scaffolds were shown to favor the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into neuronlineage cells. 26 Moreover, the fact that L-glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system underlines the interest in g-PGA use in this field. [27][28][29] In cartilage, glutamate signaling was shown to tune rat and human chondrocyte behavior and enhance matrix production.…”
“…They can be applied as delivery vehicles for bioactive molecules, and as three-dimensional structures that organize cells, serving as a temporary skeleton to accommodate and stimulate new tissue growth [90,91]. Alginate can be easily formulated into porous scaffolding matrices of various forms (spheres, sponges, foams, fibers and rods) for cell culture and response, which makes it particularly suitable for regenerative medicine applications.…”
Alginate is a natural polysaccharide exhibiting excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, having many different applications in the field of biomedicine. Alginate is readily processable for applicable three-dimensional scaffolding materials such as hydrogels, microspheres, microcapsules, sponges, foams and fibers. Alginate-based biomaterials can be utilized as drug delivery systems and cell carriers for tissue engineering. Alginate can be easily modified via chemical and physical reactions to obtain derivatives having various structures, properties, functions and applications. Tuning the structure and properties such as biodegradability, mechanical strength, gelation property and cell affinity can be achieved through combination with other biomaterials, immobilization of specific ligands such as peptide and sugar molecules, and physical or chemical crosslinking. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of alginate and its derivatives in the field of biomedical applications, including wound healing, cartilage repair, bone regeneration and drug delivery, which have potential in tissue regeneration applications.
“…Subsequently, a solution of the scaffolding material (which should not swell or dissolve the microspheres) is infiltrated into the void space of the lattice via capillary action. The material is then cross-linked ( e.g., hydrogels), [22,51,58-60] sol-gelled ( e.g., silica), [21] dehydrated/freeze-dried, [46,48,61] or sintered [57] to fix the structure of the scaffolding material (Figure 4B). Finally, the templating microspheres are selectively removed by dissolution [22,23,59,62] or calcination [21,57] (Figure 4C).…”
Three-dimensional porous scaffolds play a pivotal role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by functioning as biomimetic substrates to manipulate cellular behaviors. While many techniques have been developed to fabricate porous scaffolds, most of them rely on stochastic processes that typically result in scaffolds with pores uncontrolled in terms of size, structure, and interconnectivity, greatly limiting their use in tissue regeneration. Inverse opal scaffolds, in contrast, possess uniform pores inheriting from the template comprised of a closely packed lattice of monodispersed microspheres. The key parameters of such scaffolds, including architecture, pore structure, porosity, and interconnectivity, can all be made uniform across the same sample and among different samples. In conjunction with a tight control over pore sizes, inverse opal scaffolds have found widespread use in biomedical applications. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion on this new class of advanced materials. After a brief introduction to their history and fabrication, we highlight the unique advantages of inverse opal scaffolds over their non-uniform counterparts. We then showcase their broad applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, followed by a summary and perspective on future directions.
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