Task switching ability is compromised after cross-hemispheric tDCS over the parietal cortex

Lower Cognitive Set Shifting Ability Is Associated With Stiffer Balance Recovery Behavior and Larger Perturbation-Evoked Cortical Responses in Older Adults

“…As cognitive set shifting and the cortical N1 response have previously been localized to distinct brain areas, we can only speculate as to why they would be associated in the present findings. Cognitive set shifting depends on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( Zgaljardic et al, 2006 ; Ko et al, 2008a , b ; Leite et al, 2011 , 2013 , 2020 ; Luthi et al, 2014 ; Gerrits et al, 2015 ; Tayeb and Lavidor, 2016 ; Imburgio and Orr, 2018 ), and the cortical N1 has been localized to the supplementary motor area ( Marlin et al, 2014 ; Mierau et al, 2015 ), but there are several potential explanations as to why cognitive set shifting would be associated with the cortical N1 response despite their distinct brain regions. First, older adults recruit prefrontal cortical areas to a greater extent and more broadly than young adults for the same tasks ( Reuter-Lorenz and Cappell, 2008 ), and lose functional segregation between different cortical areas ( Chen et al, 2011 ; Damoiseaux, 2017 ; Chong et al, 2019 ; Cassady et al, 2020 ), which may result in coupled activation between cognitive and motor cortical areas.…”

“…A better understanding of the mechanisms linking balance and cognitive function in aging could reveal new therapeutic targets for rehabilitation and enable a more targeted exploration of the effects of cognitive training on balance rehabilitation ( Smith-Ray et al, 2015 ; Hagovska and Olekszyova, 2016 ). For instance, it is well established that non-invasive stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can affect cognitive set shifting performance ( Ko et al, 2008a , b ; Leite et al, 2011 , 2013 , 2020 ; Luthi et al, 2014 ; Gerrits et al, 2015 ; Tayeb and Lavidor, 2016 ; Imburgio and Orr, 2018 ), but similar stimulation protocols are rarely applied to impact balance function despite links between cognitive set shifting and balance function dysfunction ( Herman et al, 2010 ; Tangen et al, 2014 ; McKay et al, 2018 ) and evidence that such stimulation can reduce cognitive dual task interference on balance and walking behaviors ( Manor et al, 2018 ).…”

Lower cognitive set shifting ability is associated with stiffer balance recovery behavior and larger perturbation-evoked cortical responses in older adults

“…A better understanding of the mechanisms linking balance and cognitive function in aging could reveal new therapeutic targets for rehabilitation and enable a more targeted exploration of the effects of cognitive training on balance rehabilitation (Smith-Ray et al, 2015;Hagovska and Olekszyova, 2016). For instance, it is well established that noninvasive stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can affect cognitive set shifting performance (Ko et al, 2008a;Ko et al, 2008b;Leite et al, 2011;Leite et al, 2013;Luthi et al, 2014;Gerrits et al, 2015;Tayeb and Lavidor, 2016;Imburgio and Orr, 2018;Leite et al, 2020), but similar stimulation protocols are rarely applied to impact balance function despite evidence that it can reduce cognitive dual task interference on balance and walking behaviors (Manor et al, 2018).…”