Task-Guided Selection of the Dual Neural Pathways for Reading

Nakamura, Kimihiro; Hara, Nobuko F.; Kouider, Sid; Takayama, Yoshihiro; Hanajima, Ritsuko; Sakai, Katsuyuki; Ugawa, Yoshikazu

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.030

Cited by 56 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In fact, such an influence of intentional behavior on nonconscious cognitive processing has been proposed by neurocognitive models of consciousness (8,9). Our transcranial magnetic stimulation study has further demonstrated a differential effect of task on subliminal priming (10). However, no previous work has examined the entire extent of the cerebral structures involved in unconscious word processing as a function of task context.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

“…However, another neural locus of this behavioral priming was found at the left IPL, a region known to play a role in translating written words into spoken forms (26). Indeed, our transcranial magnetic stimulation study (10) has shown that this dorsal pathway from FG to IPL is involved in masked priming during reading aloud, for both words and nonwords. These results thus point to the existence of two separate neurocognitive components of the dorsal processing stream for reading, one in the IPL associated with print-to-sound conversion and the other in the PMv associated with speech planning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Task-specific change of unconscious neural priming in the cerebral language network

Nakamura

Dehaene

Jobert

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We explored the impact of task context on subliminal neural priming using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The repetition of words during semantic categorization produced activation reduction in the left middle temporal gyrus previously associated with semantic-level representation and dorsal premotor cortex. By contrast, reading aloud produced repetition enhancement in the left inferior parietal lobe associated with print-to-sound conversion and ventral premotor cortex. Analyses of effective connectivity revealed that the task set for reading generated reciprocal excitatory connections between the left inferior parietal and superior temporal regions, reflecting the audiovisual integration required for vocalization, whereas categorization did not produce such backward projection to posterior regions. Thus, masked repetition priming involves two distinct components in the taskspecific neural streams, one in the parietotemporal cortex for task-specific word processing and the other in the premotor cortex for behavioral response preparation. The top-down influence of task sets further changes the directions of the unconscious priming in the entire cerebral circuitry for reading.effective connectivity ͉ masked priming ͉ reading ͉ repetition suppression and enhancement ͉ task set U nconscious exposure to written words facilitates the subsequent conscious processing of the same stimuli, a behavioral phenomenon known as subliminal priming (1). At the neural level, such response facilitation is mediated in part by the visual word recognition system in the left occipitotemporal cortex. By the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the hierarchical architecture of this region has been demonstrated as a serial, posterior-to-anterior processing stream for increasingly abstract representations (2-4). For instance, a shape-invariant neural code for letter strings has been found at the left middle fusiform gyrus (FG) showing response attenuation to the repeated presentation of words and word roots, whereas a more anterolateral sector of the posterior temporal cortex exhibits sensitivity to semantic-level representations (5). For nonalphabetic languages, the repetition of logographic Kanji elicits a similar neural adaptation at the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) associated with semantic knowledge (6).Importantly, most previous work measured the unconscious neural priming under a single word-recognition task tapping lexicosemantic representation (5-7). Thus, it remains open whether, and to what extent, the adoption of a voluntary task set modulates subliminal priming in the cerebral reading network. In fact, such an influence of intentional behavior on nonconscious cognitive processing has been proposed by neurocognitive models of consciousness (8, 9). Our transcranial magnetic stimulation study has further demonstrated a differential effect of task on subliminal priming (10). However, no previous work has examined the entire extent of the cerebral structures involved in unconscious word processing as a fu...

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supporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Task-specific change of unconscious neural priming in the cerebral language network

Nakamura

Dehaene

Jobert

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

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“…In their study, they used auditory and visual targets and a pronunciation and lexical decision task. Nakamura et al [35] discovered a clear double dissociation. On the one hand, the repetition priming during the pronunciation task was eliminated when TMS was conducted on the left inferior parietal lobe, but not when it was conducted on the left superior temporal gyrus.…”

Section: Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortexmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…[33] Thus, the visual perception of words automatically seemed to activate the auditory representation of their spoken forms. [33] Nakamura et al [35] further investigated the above issue by conducting TMS on both the left superior temporal [27] Twelve right-handed, healthy, volunteers…”

Section: Skarratt and Lavidormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors found that the supramarginal gyrus clearly contributed to reading; moreover, a conclusion was that the supramarginal gyrus automatically computed the sound of a word and that this occurred even when it was not really required to perform the task Nakamura et al [35] In total, 30 healthy, native Japanese speakers Superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe A clear double dissociation was discovered; the repetition priming during the pronunciation task was eliminated when TMS was conducted on the left inferior parietal lobe, but not when it was conducted on the left superior temporal gyrus, whereas the priming during the lexical decision task was eliminated when the left superior temporal gyrus, but not the left inferior parietal lobe, was stimulated Tomasino et al [36] Twenty right-handed, healthy men, who were all native speakers of German Primary motor-cortex…”

Section: Supramarginal Gyrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation research on reading and dyslexia: a new clinical intervention technique for treating dyslexia?

Noort¹,

Struys²,

Bosch³

2015

Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation

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Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulationLater, a variant of TMS was developed, which is called rapid-rate TMS (rTMS). [8,9] Further improvements of the stimulators, which are now able to provide discharges at frequencies of up to 60 Hz, have greatly increased the value of TMS as a tool in cognitive neuroscience A B S T R A C TNowadays, several noninvasive neuroimaging techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), exist. The working mechanism behind TMS is a rapidly changing magnetic field that generates an electric current via electromagnetic induction. When the coil is placed on the scalp, the magnetic field generates a physiological reaction in the underlying neural tissue. The TMS-induced change in the participant's behavior is used by researchers to investigate the causal relations between specific brain areas and cognitive functions such as language. A variant of TMS has been developed, which is called rapid-rate TMS (rTMS). In this review, three databases (Medline, Educational Resources Information Center, and Scopus) were searched for rTMS studies on normal reading and dyslexia with a cut-off date of October 31, 2014. rTMS was found to be a valuable tool for investigating questions related to reading research, both on the word and the sentence level. Moreover, it can be successfully used in research on dyslexia. Recently, (high-frequency) rTMS has been used as a "clinical" intervention technique for treating dyslexia and for improving reading performance by exciting underactive reading pathways in the brain. Finally, we end the paper with a discussion of future directions in the field of rTMS research and dyslexia, for instance, the promising prospect of combining TMS with simultaneous electroencephalographic imaging.

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MRI Methods in Bilingual Reading Comprehension

Blackburn

2016

Methods in Bilingual Reading Comprehension Research

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Task-Guided Selection of the Dual Neural Pathways for Reading

Cited by 56 publications

References 41 publications

Task-specific change of unconscious neural priming in the cerebral language network

Task-specific change of unconscious neural priming in the cerebral language network

Transcranial magnetic stimulation research on reading and dyslexia: a new clinical intervention technique for treating dyslexia?

MRI Methods in Bilingual Reading Comprehension

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