Task coordination and aging: explorations of executive control processes in the task switching paradigm

Kramer, Arthur F.; Hahn, Song–Yop; Gopher, Daniel

doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00011-6

Cited by 372 publications

(346 citation statements)

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“…1 This finding seems to be consistent with results indicating that the ability to prepare the cognitive system in advance is relatively preserved in old age (Kramer et al, 1999;Kray & Lindenberger, 2000). One exception was reported by Kramer et al (1999).…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

“…This is in clear contrast to other findings in the literature (Kray & Lindenberger, 2000;Mayr, 2001;van Asselen & Ridderinkhof, 2000). Apparently, both young and old adults were able to use external prompts to set up the currently relevant task settings for efficient switching (see Hartley et al, 1990;Kramer et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This pattern of results generalized across four task sets even though they differed in difficulty and involved different task-specific processing (cf. Kramer et al, 1999;Kray & Lindenberger, 2000;Mayr & Kliegl, 2000).…”

Section: Task-specific Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thus conceivable that the presently reported age differences in specific switch costs would disappear with additional practice. For instance, Kramer et al (1999) found that early in training, older adults showed significantly slower performance than younger adults in switch versus nonswitch trials, but by the end of training, switching performance became equivalent between the age groups.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some empirical studies have shown that age differences in specific switch costs are small or absent when general slowing of old adults' performance in response time tasks is taken into account (Brinley, 1965;Hartley, Kieley, & Slabach, 1990;Kramer, Hahn, & Gopher, 1999;Kray & Lindenberger, 2000;Mayr, 2001;Mayr & Kliegl, 2000;Salthouse, Fristoe, McGuthry, & Hambrick, 1998;van Asselen & Ridderinkhof, 2000). Similarly, Kramer et al (1999) found significantly greater switch costs for older than for younger adults at the very beginning of practice but ageequivalent switching performance after three sessions of practice (see Experiment 1). However, Ridderinkhof, Span, and van der Molen (2002) reported a greater tendency for old adults than for young adults to perseverate in a WCST-like task.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Age-Related Changes in Task-Switching Components: The Role of Task Uncertainty

Kray

Lindenberger

2002

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156

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The present study examined age differences in executive functioning, using an externally cued task-switching paradigm. Two components of task switching were assessed: the ability to maintain and select among task sets (general switch costs) and the ability to switch between task sets (specific switch costs). In contrast to previous findings, we found large age-related differences in specific switch costs, especially when the number of potentially relevant task sets is increased from two to four. Age-related differences in general switch costs were absent when external task cues subserved executive processing in task switching. Generally, the findings suggest that age-related impairments in task-switching components vary as a function of task uncertainty, such as the presence of environmental prompts to behavior. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)

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confidence: 81%