Task analysis and part versus whole learning methods

Cunningham, Donald J.

doi:10.1007/bf02768364

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Several researchers have shown that organized materials are easiest to comprehend and memorize (Bower, Clark, Lesgold, and Winzens, 1969;Cunningham, 1971;Nelson, McRae, & Slurge, 1971;Tennyson, 1972). Thus, the extent to which a juror will be able to comprehend and remember a judge's instructions will be determined in part by the organization of the instructions.…”

Section: Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several logical structures that can be used to write jury instructions. Two organizational structures in particular, the "hierarchical" and the "algorithmic," have been shown to be extremely effective in classroom instruction (Briggs, 1968;Cunningham, 1971;Gagne, 1970;Greeno & Noreen, 1974;Merrill, 197t;Sasson, 1971;Tennyson, 1972). Under the "hierarchical" type of structure, high-level concepts are broken down into their lower-level components and are then integrated.…”

Section: Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Juridic decisions: In ignorance of the law or in light of it?

Elwork¹,

Sales²,

Alfini³

1977

Law and Human Behavior

120

134

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Pattern jury instructions have been criticized for being less than understandable to the average juror and thus for causing arbitrary juridic decisions. Two studies were conducted to establish whether these criticisms are justified and to find solutions to these problems. Both studies established the validity of the criticisms by demonstrating that the presentation of presently used Michigan negligence instructions is about as effective in helping jurors understand the laws as the presentation of no instructions at all. It was found that by rewriting these instructions in accordance with empirical knowledge of what elements affect perception, memory, and comprehension of language, their effectiveness was significantly improved. Furthermore, it was found that the presentation of instructions both at the beginning and at the end of a case would allow jurors a greater opportunity to focus their attention on relevant evidence and to remember it. The studies demonstrate the urgent need for jurisdictions around the country to improve the way jury instructions are written and delivered, Jf they expect jurors to reach verdicts in light of the law rather than in ignorance of it.

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Section: Organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%