“…On another note, Gnangnon (2018) has provided empirical evidence that AfT interventions (including both total AfT and each of its three categories) are associated with greater trade policy liberalization in the recipient countries. On the other side, trade liberalization reduces the costs of the imported intermediate inputs and promotes export upgrading (e.g., Bas and Strauss-Kahn, 2015;Defever et al, 2020;Mukherjee and Chanda, 2021), and more specifically export complexity (e.g., Saadi, 2020), including by facilitating the diffusion of knowledge and transfer of technology (e.g., Grossman and Helpman, 2015). As a result, we can argue that by promoting trade policy liberalization (i.e., reducing trade costs, including both tariffs and trade-related nontariff costs),…”