Targets of light signalling in Trichoderma reesei

Tisch, Doris; Schmoll, Monika

doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-657

Cited by 69 publications

(173 citation statements)

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“…Recent studies of a Neurospora crassa Vivid (VVD) homologue from T. reesei (ENV1) revealed divergent signaling mechanisms within closely related fungal LOV domains (11,32,33). Initial photochemical characterization confirmed LOV type chemistry, with a time constant for adduct scission of ϳ1,500 s (11).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

A Native Threonine Coordinates Ordered Water to Tune Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) Domain Photocycle Kinetics and Osmotic Stress Signaling in Trichoderma reesei ENVOY

Lokhandwala

Vega

Hopkins

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Light-oxygen-voltage (LOV)3 domain-containing photoreceptors are widely distributed in nature, where they couple blue light absorption to regulation of a diverse array of signal transduction pathways (1). In general, LOV proteins can be divided into two subclasses: 1) short LOV proteins (sLOV) that exist as the isolated LOV domain with short ancillary N-or C-terminal caps (2-4) and 2) modular LOV proteins that couple blue light activation to allosteric regulation of effector domains (1). Although the modular LOV proteins are present in plants, bacteria, and all fungi, the sLOV variety are predominantly found in bacteria and only some fungi (4). Currently, LOV proteins have received widespread attention because of their important roles in regulation of circadian function (3, 5, 6), growth and development (7,8), stress responses (9 -11), and adaptation to and regulation of pathogenicity (12). In addition, their wide ranging utility has led to the development of optogenetic tools that harness their modular design (13,14). Despite substantial research, key questions involving LOV photocycles remain.LOV domain chemistry is characterized by blue light-induced formation of a covalent adduct between a bound flavin cofactor (FMN, FAD, or riboflavin) and a conserved Cys residue in a GXNCRFLQ motif. Concomitant with adduct formation is protonation of the N5 position of the isoalloxazine ring. Current models indicate that signal transduction is coupled to N5 protonation via allosteric regulation of N-or C-terminal effector elements remote from the flavin active site (3,15,16). The covalent adduct is defined by a broad UV-visible absorption band centered at ϳ390 nm (LOV 390 ). Upon return to the dark, the adduct state spontaneously decays to an oxidized flavin (LOV 450 ) on a timescale of seconds to days (17,18). Currently the biological role of the wide range in photocycle lifetimes is unknown; however, several studies have suggested that the range facilitates adaptation to changing levels of light intensity (17,19,20). For these reasons, chemical tuning of the LOV photocycle lifetime through understanding of the adduct decay mechanism has been attempted in several systems (2,17,18,(21)(22)(23)(24).Several lines of reasoning have led to a general mechanism of adduct decay. First, solvent isotope effect experiments indicate that a single proton abstraction event is rate-limiting (17, 18). Second, adduct decay can be catalyzed by the presence of small molecule bases such as imidazole (25). Third, residue substitutions at regions that regulate solvent access to the flavin active site have a substantial effect on LOV photocycle lifetimes (18,26). Combined, these experiments implicate N5 deprotonation as the rate-determining step in adduct decay. Consistent with such a model, mutation of residues that regulate accessibility of small molecules to the N5 position or that tune hydrogen bonding characteristics affect kinetics of LOV proteins (17,18,21,22,24,26,27). Importantly, the natural base responsible for N5 deprotonation remai...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

A Native Threonine Coordinates Ordered Water to Tune Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) Domain Photocycle Kinetics and Osmotic Stress Signaling in Trichoderma reesei ENVOY

Lokhandwala

Vega

Hopkins

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…This suggests that these genes can be expected to be potentially regulated in response to light and to a nutrient signal as transmitted via the heterotrimeric G-protein pathway. Members of all GH families detected in T. reesei were found to be potentially subject to light regulation, and many of them are regulated by the photoreceptors BLR1, BLR2, or ENV1 (351).…”

Section: Cazymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Schmoll

Dattenböck

Carreras-Villaseñor

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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SUMMARYThe genusTrichodermacontains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for “hot topic” research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism inT. reesei,T. atroviride, andT. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of eachTrichodermaspecies discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved inN-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability ofTrichodermaspp. to generate hybrid galactose-containingN-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique toTrichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in theTrichodermagenus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique toT. atrovirideis the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.

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“…Gyalai-Korpos et al [98] considered that the effect on cellulase activity of blr1 and blr2 deletion was due to differences in protein secretion and that of env1 deletion due to adjustments in response to the environment. Tisch and Schmoll [27] described a key difference in the functioning of the homologous proteins in T. reesei and N. crassa. Transcriptional analysis of deletion mutants under light and dark conditions showed that photoreceptor regulation of carbon metabolism is mediated by BLR1 and BLR2 stimulation of env1 transcription in T. reesei, whereas in N. crassa VIVID had a negative effect on the WCC [27].…”

Section: Light Regulation Of Cazyme-encoding Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tisch and Schmoll [27] described a key difference in the functioning of the homologous proteins in T. reesei and N. crassa. Transcriptional analysis of deletion mutants under light and dark conditions showed that photoreceptor regulation of carbon metabolism is mediated by BLR1 and BLR2 stimulation of env1 transcription in T. reesei, whereas in N. crassa VIVID had a negative effect on the WCC [27]. Also, BLR1 and BLR2 in T. reesei are not considered to act as a complex under darkness [98].…”

Section: Light Regulation Of Cazyme-encoding Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their responses to lignocellulose, fungi respond to the interface at the surface and are exposed to a succession of changing conditions over time as the lignocellulosic material is degraded. It is apparent too that transcriptional regulation of CAZyme-encoding genes is affected by pH [26] and light [27]. We aim in this chapter to make comparisons of published data on transcriptional responses of fungi to lignocellulose and to take into account the many variables that obscure inter-study comparisons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional Regulation and Responses in Filamentous Fungi Exposed to Lignocellulose

2015

Mycology: Current and Future Developments

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Biofuels derived from lignocellulose are attractive alternative fuels but their production suffers from a costly and inefficient saccharification step that uses fungal enzymes. One route to improve this efficiency is to understand better the transcriptional regulation and responses of filamentous fungi to lignocellulose. Sensing and initial contact of the fungus with lignocellulose is an important aspect. Differences and similarities in the responses of fungi to different lignocellulosic substrates can partly be explained with existing understanding of several key regulators and their mode of action, as will be demonstrated for Trichoderma reesei, Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus spp. The regulation of genes encoding Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes) is influenced by the presence of carbohydrate monomers and short oligosaccharides, as well as the external stimuli of pH and light. We explore several important aspects of the response to lignocellulose that are not related to genes encoding CAZymes, namely the regulation of transporters, accessory proteins and stress responses. The regulation of gene expression is examined from the perspective of mixed cultures and models are presented for the nature of the transcriptional basis for any beneficial effects of such mixed cultures. Various applications in biofuel technology are based on manipulating transcriptional regulation and learning from fungal responses to lignocelluloses. Here we critically access the application of fungal transcriptional responses to industrial saccharification reactions. As part of this chapter, selected regulatory mechanisms are also explored in more detail.

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Targets of light signalling in Trichoderma reesei

Cited by 69 publications

References 62 publications

A Native Threonine Coordinates Ordered Water to Tune Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) Domain Photocycle Kinetics and Osmotic Stress Signaling in Trichoderma reesei ENVOY

A Native Threonine Coordinates Ordered Water to Tune Light-Oxygen-Voltage (LOV) Domain Photocycle Kinetics and Osmotic Stress Signaling in Trichoderma reesei ENVOY

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Transcriptional Regulation and Responses in Filamentous Fungi Exposed to Lignocellulose

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