Targeting zinc metalloenzymes in coronavirus disease 2019

Doboszewska, Urszula; Właź, Piotr; Nowak, Gabriel; Młyniec, Katarzyna

doi:10.1111/bph.15199

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…34,35 Several lines of evidence suggest a link between zinc and COVID-19, including the observation that chloroquine, a drug being repurposed for COVID-19, is a known zinc ionophore. 36 SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 use the host zinc metalloenzyme, ACE2, as an entry point to cells. 37 Consistent with these overall findings, our data suggested the lower level of whole blood zinc together with the transition metal manganese and iron were associated with the severe illness of COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As, arsenic; Ca, calcium; Cd, cadmium; Cr, chromium; Cu, copper; Fe, iron; Hg, mercury; Mg, magnesium; Mn, manganese; Pb, lead; Tl, thallium; Zn, Zinc (CC = 0.70). The hemoglobin and RBC were also found to be positively correlated with lead (CC = 0 36. and 0.33, respectively), arsenic (CC = 0.35 and 0.47), zinc (CC = 0.33 and 0.31), manganese (CC = 0.30 and 0.48), and magnesium (CC = 0.37 and 0.33), but negatively correlated with calcium (CC = −0.53 and −0.50) and chromium (CC = −0.33 and −0.35) (…”

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confidence: 99%

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Associations of essential and toxic metals/metalloids in whole blood with both disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID‐19

et al. 2021

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The variations and dynamics of essential and toxic metal(loid)s in patients with COVID-19 may associate with the progression and fatal outcome of the disease, which still remains to investigate. In the present study, a retrospective analysis was performed in a cohort of 306 confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to Tongji hospital (Wuhan, China) from February 10 to March 15, 2020. Whole blood levels of essential and/or toxic metal(loid)s were analyzed, including magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, thallium, and lead according to the disease severity and outcome. Compared to the non-severe COVID-19 patients, severe cases showed significant higher levels of whole blood calcium, chromium, and copper, but lower levels of magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, arsenic, thallium, and lead. These differences were further found consistently across the clinical course since the disease onset by longitudinal analysis. Among the severe patients, chromium and cadmium were higher in the deceased group compared to the recovered group, while arsenic was lower. Whole blood iron, age, and sex were determined to be independent factors associated with the disease severity, while chromium, cadmium, and the comorbidity of cardiovascular disease were determined to be independent factors associated with the mortality. These results suggest that variations of whole blood metal(loid)s may be associated with the severe illness and fatal outcome of COVID-19, which could be persistently monitored and would be helpful in the evaluation of the dynamic changes in patients with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of essential and toxic metals/metalloids in whole blood with both disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID‐19

et al. 2021

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“…Zinc de ciency can contribute to defective cell-mediated immunity and to increased susceptibility to various infections, including pneumonia [31]. Several lines of evidence suggest a link between zinc and COVID-19, including the observation that chloroquine, a drug being repurposed for COVID-19, is a known zinc ionophore [32]. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 use the host zinc metalloenzyme, ACE2, as an entry point to cells [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of blood essential and toxic metal(loid)s with both disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study

Zeng

Yang

Yuan

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background The variations and dynamics of blood essential and toxic metal(loid)s in patients with COVID-19 still remains unclear.Methods A retrospective study was performed in a cohort of confirmed COVID-19 patients for their whole blood levels of essential and/or toxic metal(loid)s including magnesium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, thallium and lead according to the disease severity and outcome.Results Compared to the non-severe COVID-19 patients, Whole blood calcium, chromium and copper were higher in the severe patients, while magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, arsenic, thallium and lead were lower. These differences were further found to be consistently existed across the clinical course since the disease onset by longitudinal analysis. Moreover, among the severe patients, chromium and cadmium were higher in the deceased group compared to the recovered group, while arsenic were found to be lower. Whole blood iron, arsenic, and age and sex were determined to be independently factors associated with the disease severity, while chromium, cadmium and the co-morbidity of cardiovascular disease were determined to be independently factors associated with the mortality.Conclusions These results suggest variations of whole blood metal(loid)s as associated factors correlated with the disease severity and mortality for COVID-19.

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“…In addition, drugs tested against SARS-CoV-2, such as chloroquine, cause increases in the intracellular concentration of this micronutrient. Consequently, zinc treatments (alone or as an adjuvant for other drugs) are currently being tested in clinical trials for COVID-19 [110,112].…”

Section: Zincmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Directly related to COVID-19, recent evidence supports a direct connection between zinc status and the disease caused by the new coronavirus [ 110 , 111 ] This importance is based on the necessary participation of zinc-dependent viral enzymes to carry out the infection process. In addition, drugs tested against SARS-CoV-2, such as chloroquine, cause increases in the intracellular concentration of this micronutrient.…”

Section: Association Between 10 Critical Micronutrients and Prevalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework

2020

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The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus has caused shock waves in many countries, producing a global health crisis worldwide. Lack of knowledge of the biological mechanisms of viruses, plus the absence of effective treatments against the disease (COVID-19) and/or vaccines have pulled factors that can compromise the proper functioning of the immune system to fight against infectious diseases into the spotlight. The optimal status of specific nutrients is considered crucial to keeping immune components within their normal activity, helping to avoid and overcome infections. Specifically, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evaluated and deems six vitamins (D, A, C, Folate, B6, B12) and four minerals (zinc, iron, copper and selenium) to be essential for the normal functioning of the immune system, due to the scientific evidence collected so far. In this report, an update on the evidence of the contribution of nutritional factors as immune-enhancing aspects, factors that could reduce their bioavailability, and the role of the optimal status of these nutrients within the COVID-19 pandemic context was carried out. First, a non-systematic review of the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of an optimal nutritional status of these nutrients on the proper functioning of the immune system as well as their potential role in COVID-19 prevention/treatment was carried out by searching for available scientific evidence in PubMed and LitCovid databases. Second, a compilation from published sources and an analysis of nutritional data from 10 European countries was performed, and the relationship between country nutritional status and epidemiological COVID-19 data (available in the Worldometers database) was evaluated following an ecological study design. Furthermore, the potential effect of genetics was considered through the selection of genetic variants previously identified in Genome-Wide Association studies (GWAs) as influencing the nutritional status of these 10 considered nutrients. Therefore, access to genetic information in accessible databases (1000genomes, by Ensembl) of individuals from European populations enabled an approximation that countries might present a greater risk of suboptimal status of the nutrients studied. Results from the review approach show the importance of maintaining a correct nutritional status of these 10 nutrients analyzed for the health of the immune system, highlighting the importance of Vitamin D and iron in the context of COVID-19. Besides, the ecological study demonstrates that intake levels of relevant micronutrients—especially Vitamins D, C, B12, and iron—are inversely associated with higher COVID-19 incidence and/or mortality, particularly in populations genetically predisposed to show lower micronutrient status. In conclusion, nutrigenetic data provided by joint assessment of 10 essential nutrients for the functioning of the immune system and of the genetic factors that can limit their bioavailability can be a fundamental tool to help strengthen the immune system of individuals and prepare populations to fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

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Targeting zinc metalloenzymes in coronavirus disease 2019

Cited by 35 publications

References 107 publications

Associations of essential and toxic metals/metalloids in whole blood with both disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID‐19

Associations of essential and toxic metals/metalloids in whole blood with both disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID‐19

Associations of blood essential and toxic metal(loid)s with both disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study

Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework

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