Targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection by Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina

Merino, Octávio; Almazán, Consuelo; Canales, Mario; Villar, Margarita; Moreno-Cid, Juan A.; Galindo, Ruth C.; Fuente, José de la

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.023

Cited by 76 publications

(72 citation statements)

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“…Subolesin is a candidate tick protective antigen discovered in I. scapularis and subsequently found to be conserved in many tick species and other eukaryotes, where it is the ortholog of insect and mammalian akirins (14,(55)(56)(57)(58). Subolesin expression is induced in response to pathogen infection in ticks and plays an important role in the tick immune response to pathogen infection through the regulation of genes involved in innate immunity (14,16,56,59). As in previous experiments, subolesin mRNA levels did not change in response to A. phagocytophilum infection of ISE6 tick cells but increased in tick guts and salivary glands (12,60).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Cytoskeleton Rearrangement for Infection of Tick Cells

et al. 2013

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dAnaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Infection with this zoonotic pathogen affects gene expression in both the vertebrate host and the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. Here, we identified new genes, including spectrin alpha chain or alpha-fodrin (CG8) and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel or mitochondrial porin (T2), that are involved in A. phagocytophilum infection/multiplication and the tick cell response to infection. The pathogen downregulated the expression of CG8 in tick salivary glands and T2 in both the gut and salivary glands to inhibit apoptosis as a mechanism to subvert host cell defenses and increase infection. In the gut, the tick response to infection through CG8 upregulation was used by the pathogen to increase infection due to the cytoskeleton rearrangement that is required for pathogen infection. These results increase our understanding of the role of tick genes during A. phagocytophilum infection and multiplication and demonstrate that the pathogen uses similar strategies to establish infection in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.T icks are ectoparasites of animals and humans and are considered to be the most important arthropod vector of pathogens in some regions (1). Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) is an important vector of pathogens that infect and cause disease in humans and domestic animals in the United States. Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), the focus of this study, is the causative agent of human, canine, and equine granulocytic anaplasmosis and tick-borne fever of ruminants (2, 3).A. phagocytophilum is an intracellular bacterium that infects vertebrate host neutrophils, where it multiplies within a parasitophorous vacuole, thus evading host defenses while inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cytoskeleton rearrangement for infection and multiplication (4-8). Tick-A. phagocytophilum interactions are not as well characterized as those between pathogen and vertebrate hosts (4). While A. phagocytophilum has been shown to infect I. scapularis gut cells (9) and salivary glands (10), the developmental cycle of this pathogen has not been described in ticks. Tick proteins such as Salp16, subolesin, antifreeze glycoprotein IAFGP, and alpha1-3-fucosyltransferease were differentially regulated and required for A. phagocytophilum infection of I. scapularis (10-20). Activation of heat shock proteins and other stress response proteins in ticks and cultured tick cells in response to A. phagocytophilum infection was also characterized by proteomics and transcriptomics analyses (21).The overall goal of our research is to characterize molecular interactions at the vector-pathogen interface and develop vaccines for the control of tick infestations and pathogen infection/transmission. Our hypothesis is that tick genes differentially expressed in response to pathogen infection would include those involved in pathogen infection, multiplication, and transmission, as well as in the tick protective response to infection. In this researc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Cytoskeleton Rearrangement for Infection of Tick Cells

et al. 2013

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“…(2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.07.010 interactions that reduce tick numbers, feeding and/or oviposition (Elvin and Kemp, 1994;Popara et al, 2013). Consequently, antibody titers in vaccinated hosts positively correlate with vaccine efficacy (Willadsen, 2006;Moreno-Cid et al, 2013;Merino et al, 2011). These facts support the importance of increasing the immunogenicity of tick vaccine antigens.…”

Section: Bacterial Membranes Increase the Immunogenicity Of The Recommentioning

confidence: 86%

Bacterial membranes enhance the immunogenicity and protective capacity of the surface exposed tick Subolesin-Anaplasma marginale MSP1a chimeric antigen

Contreras

Moreno-Cid

Domingos

et al. 2015

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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“…Rhipicephalus microplus Bm86/Bm95 antigens have proven their effi cacy for the control of cattle tick infestations and transmission of tick-borne pathogens but only in some regions. In fact, the 900 tick species that have been documented are distributed by several geographic areas and animals are, therefore exposed to different tick stocks 40,41 . Several approaches have been made, like double vaccination with different activeprinciples and/or several doses along the time 42,43 , and it became clear that for every region and tick species, should be formulated a different immunization procedure.…”

Section: Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Babesia spp. 41 . Their results demonstrated that R. microplus infestations where successfully controlled by combining vaccination and release of transgenic ticks, which suggests that the combination of methods increases the effi cacy of cattle tick control, at least under some circumstances.…”

Section: Pipano Et Al Tested the Effi Cacy Of A Bm86 Vaccine In Protmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches towards tick and tick-borne diseases control

Domingos

Antunes

Borges

et al. 2013

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases. Tick-borne diseases are responsible worldwide for great economic losses in terms of mortality and morbidity of livestock animals. This review concerns to the different tick and tick-parasites control methods having a major focus on vaccines. Control of tick infestations has been mainly based on the use of acaricides, a control measure with serious drawbacks, as responsible for the contamination of milk and meat products, as a selective factor for acaricideresistant ticks and as an environmental contaminant. Research on alternatives to the use of acaricides is strongly represented by tick vaccines considered a more cost-effective and environmentally safe strategy. Vaccines based on the Bm86 tick antigen were used in the fi rst commercially available cattle tick vaccines and showed good results in reducing tick numbers, affecting weight and reproductive performance of female ticks which resulted in reduction of cattle tick populations over time and consequently lower reduction of the pathogen agents they carry.

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Targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection by Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina

Cited by 76 publications

References 40 publications

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Cytoskeleton Rearrangement for Infection of Tick Cells

Anaplasma phagocytophilum Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Cytoskeleton Rearrangement for Infection of Tick Cells

Bacterial membranes enhance the immunogenicity and protective capacity of the surface exposed tick Subolesin-Anaplasma marginale MSP1a chimeric antigen

Approaches towards tick and tick-borne diseases control

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