Targeting the Pathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease Through Nanovesicleaided Drug Delivery Approach

Abstract

Introduction: Nanovesicle technology is making a huge contribution to the progress of treatment studies of various diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is the leading most neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe cognitive impairment. Despite the prevalence of several forms of anti-AD drugs, the accelerating pace of AD incidence cannot be countered, and to the rescue of which the nanovesicle technology has grabbed much attention. Methodology: Comprehensive literature search was carried out using relevant keywords and online database platforms. Main concepts covered: Initiated and progressed by a complex pathomechanism underlying, increased acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, β-amyloid aggregation, and tau-hyperphosphorylation forming neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are amongst the major hallmarks of AD pathology. Therapeutic recommendations exist in the form of AchE inhibitors, along with anti-amyloid and anti-tau therapeutics being explored at a high pace. The degree of therapeutic outcome however gets restricted by their pharmacological limitations. Susceptibility to peripheral metabolism and rapid elimination, inefficiency to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and reach the target brain site are the factors that lower the biostability and bioavailability of anti-AD drugs. The nanovesicle technology has emerged as a route to preserve the therapeutic efficiency of the anti-AD drugs and promote AD treatment. The review hereby aims to summarize the developments made by the nanovesicle technology in aiding the delivery of synthetic and plant-based therapeutics targeting the molecular mechanism of AD pathology. Final perspective: Nanovesicles appear to efficiently aid in target-specific delivery of anti-AD therapeutics and nullify the drawbacks posed by free drugs, besides reducing the dosage requirement and the adversities associated. In addition, the nanovesicle technology also appears to uplift the therapeutic potential of several phyto-compounds with immense anti-AD properties. Furthermore, the review also sheds light on future perspectives to mend the gaps that prevail in the nanovesicle-mediated drug delivery in AD treatment strategies.

Combating Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease through Nanovesicle Technology

“…As discussed in our previous article, nanovesicles bear several beneficial attributes that make them more advantageous than other drug delivery approaches . Nanovesicles can accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.…”

“…The introduction of nanotechnology in the field of medicine has proved to be a revolutionary breakthrough in overcoming the hurdles on the way to efficient drug delivery. 27 This technology involves the formulation of biodegradable nanoparticles of size within the range of 1000 nm and delivering drugs and therapeutics in vivo encapsulated in these nanocarriers. Nanoparticles have shown great potential as drug carriers in several disease studies including cancer, 112,113 diabetes, 24,114 cardiovascular diseases, 25,115 AD, 116,117 and PD.…”

“…As discussed in our previous article, nanovesicles bear several beneficial attributes that make them more advantageous than other drug delivery approaches. 27 Nanovesicles can accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. This amphiphilic nature of nanovesicles not only solves the crisis of aqueous solubility faced by several hydrophobic drugs but also enables them to carry large amounts of multiple drugs at a time, thereby reducing the need for repeated doses and the associated side effects.…”

“…The introduction of nanotechnology in the field of medicine has proved to be a revolutionary breakthrough in overcoming the hurdles on the way to efficient drug delivery . This technology involves the formulation of biodegradable nanoparticles of size within the range of 1000 nm and delivering drugs and therapeutics in vivo encapsulated in these nanocarriers.…”

“…25 Interestingly, the strategy also emerges to bring remarkable developments in treatment studies of neurodegenerative disorders. 26 Our previous article has addressed the developments made by the nanovesicleaided drug delivery strategy in the preclinical studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD), 27 and the present review aims to put light on the progress made by this approach in the field of PD treatment. The review elaborately discusses (i) the molecular paradigm of PD and its present-day treatment strategies, (ii) the need for nanovesicular assistance in the drug delivery paradigm of PD, (iii) the present understanding of nanovesicle technology as an efficient drug delivery system, (iv) developments made using nanovesicles for delivery of antiparkinsonian drugs that are synthetic and natural based, and (iv) probable gaps to be filled in this domain to progress the nanovesicle technology as the therapeutic tool choice for PD.…”