Targeting the Interplay of Independent Cellular Pathways and Immunity: A Challenge in Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Immunotherapy is a cancer treatment that exploits the capacity of the body’s immune system to prevent, control, and remove cancer. Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and significantly improved patient outcomes for several tumor types. However, most patients have not benefited from such therapies yet. Within the field of cancer immunotherapy, an expansion of the combination strategy that targets independent cellular pathways that can work synergistically is predicted. Here, we review some consequences of tumor cell death and increased immune system engagement in the modulation of oxidative stress and ubiquitin ligase pathways. We also indicate combinations of cancer immunotherapies and immunomodulatory targets. Additionally, we discuss imaging techniques, which are crucial for monitoring tumor responses during treatment and the immunotherapy side effects. Finally, the major outstanding questions are also presented, and directions for future research are described.

Systematic Multiomic Analysis of PKHD1L1 Gene Expression and Its Role as a Predicting Biomarker for Immune Cell Infiltration in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma and Lung Adenocarcinoma

“…Recently, various immunotherapies have been developed for the clinical treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy, which is based on the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells, has been effective in only a minority of cancer patients, and its mechanism is still unknown [21][22][23][24]. Because biomarkers can predict the advantages of a patient's treatment strategy, they can be suggested as alternatives to overcome the selective therapeutic effect of immunotherapy [6].…”

The Involvement of Peroxiporins and Antioxidant Transcription Factors in Breast Cancer Therapy Resistance

“…One of the factors that modulates (cancer) cell pathways and responses is oxidative stress. Considering that cancer treatments are either based on oxidative stress (radiotherapy) or cause oxidative stress in addition to their original mechanism of action (chemotherapy and immunotherapy) [13,14], it is not surprising that factors that control and modulate oxidative stress may contribute to cancer resistance. The response to oxidative stress is universal regardless of the cell type, but the levels of specific components vary between cell types.…”