“…Previous phase II clinical studies with imatinib and gefitinib in patients with refractory or recurrent EOC suggested that although these agents have marginal benefits as monotherapies in EOC, their ability to modulate molecular targets (e.g., EGFR, c-Kit, PDGFR, ERK, AKT) and demonstrate proof of concept corroborates their applicability in combinatorial molecular therapeutics [198, 199]. A number of reports have reinforced the notion that inhibition of a single transduction pathway may be insufficient since activation of alternative signaling cascades may conceal efficacy, and that it would be more advantageous to target integrated cancer signals, for example, VEGFR- and EGFR-interdependent pathways [170] and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) [200, 201]. Remarkably also, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central intracellular kinase that not only orchestrates proliferation, survival, and angiogenic pathways, but has also been linked to resistance to EGFR antagonists, and thus mTOR inhibition could be explored to interfere with tumor growth and expansion at multiple levels [4, 83, 84, 92, 159, 170, 202–205].…”