Targeting NAD Metabolism for the Therapy of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

As the aging population continues to grow rapidly, age-related diseases are becoming an increasing burden on the healthcare system and a major concern for the well-being of elderly individuals. While aging is an inevitable process for all humans, it can be slowed down and age-related diseases can be treated or alleviated. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a critical coenzyme or cofactor that plays a central role in metabolism and is involved in various cellular processes including the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, post-translational protein modifications, DNA repair, and immune responses. As individuals age, their NAD levels decline, and this decrease has been suggested to be a contributing factor to the development of numerous age-related diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In pursuit of healthy aging, researchers have investigated approaches to boost or maintain NAD levels. Here, we provide an overview of NAD metabolism and the role of NAD in age-related diseases and summarize recent progress in the development of strategies that target NAD metabolism for the treatment of age-related diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases.

Nicotinamide Riboside Ameliorates Hyperpigmentation on Photo-Irradiated Skin

“…NR has been found to ameliorate tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) depletion induced by acute kidney injury via increases in autophagy and SIRT1. The induction of NAD + has protective effects against numerous conditions, including diabetes, obesity [19], neurodegenerative diseases, and noise-induced hearing loss [20][21][22]. Lapato et al reported that NR supplementation enhances muscle mitochondrial biogenesis [23].…”

A Molecular Perspective and Role of NAD+ in Ovarian Aging

“…Increasing NAD + levels have offered advantages in mitigating the effects of aging and age-related diseases. Many studies have evaluated its impact on neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer [11][12][13][14]. In recent years, NAD + biology has garnered significant attention, prompting the publication of numerous informative review articles exploring its role in various aspects of age-related diseases and longevity [15][16][17][18].…”